南极半岛北部南极磷虾年龄与生长及秋冬季摄食研究

发布时间：2018-04-04 16:33

本文选题：南极磷虾　切入点：年龄　出处：《上海海洋大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：南极磷虾(Ephuausia superba Dana,下以磷虾)在南极海洋浮游生物中占据着至关重要的地位,主要分布于南极大西洋扇区。该物种由于其数量大,丰富的营养价值及作为其它海洋生物主要摄食对象逐渐引起各国研究者的关注。众所周知,对于任何一种生物的渔业或资源管理的研究均需要了解该生物的基本生物学信息,这通常包括其种群年龄结构、生长与摄食、自然死亡率及生长速率等,其中物种的年龄结构是评估渔业是否可持续发展的重要指标,也是种群动态模型的重要参数。磷虾鉴龄问题一直成为研究者悬而未决的科学与技术问题,最近基于眼柄的磷虾鉴龄工作取得了突破性进展,而基于福尔马林保存的磷虾样本所获取的眼柄鉴龄工作仍未得到有效解决。为此,本研究主要针对福尔马林保存的磷虾眼柄样本对其年龄进行鉴定,并开展准确性分析。此外,磷虾食性研究也较为缺乏,该工作也备受各国研究者的关注。作为南大洋中初级生产者与次级消费者的关键性枢纽,磷虾是南极其它生物,如企鹅、海豹、鲸、海洋哺乳动物以及鱼类的主要摄食对象。考虑到南极较长的冬季,磷虾如何度过漫长的冬季,这也是磷虾研究的关键性问题,而秋末冬初磷虾的摄食问题也成为解决该科学问题的关键步骤。为此,本研究结合鉴龄结果,并利用脂肪酸标记法与稳定同位素两种生物标记法对该物种的摄食进行了研究。本研究主要采用2012年5-6月及2015年5-6月大型拖网渔船“开利”轮调查收集的5%甲醛溶液浸泡的磷虾样本(共104尾,其中67尾雄性个体,21尾雌性个体,16尾不辨雌雄个体)以及2015年4-5月与2016年4-5月大型拖网渔船“龙达”、“龙腾”及“明开”轮收集的未采用任何试剂而直接冷冻保存的磷虾样本(共30尾,其中雄性个体13尾,雌性个体15尾,不易辨认个体2尾)。通过Von Bertalanffy生长方程(VBGF)分别确定体长与生长年轮的关系;通过线性回归方程分析性成熟度与生长年轮的相关性;分析磷虾样本以及不同区域磷虾样本年龄分布状况;采用总吻合率(Total Concordance,TC)、平均百分比误差(Average Percentage Error,APE)及变异系数(Coefficient of Variation,CV)三种计算方式评判不同读者读数的精确性,并利用SPSS处理软件分析了不同保存方式的磷虾年龄的差异性。本研究基于上述2015年4-5月与2016年4-5月大型拖网渔船“龙达”、“龙腾”及“明开”轮收集的30尾磷虾样本,采用脂肪酸标记法对其食性进行了研究。并进一步对源于2015年4-5月以及2012年5-6月大型拖网渔船“开利”轮调查收集的52尾磷虾样本,采用同位素标记法对其进行了食性研究。通过上述研究,得到如下主要结论:1)基于眼柄的鉴定:(1)判读总吻合率(TC)、变异系数(CV)及平均百分比误差(APE)的平均值分别为64.43%,7.58%(10%),5.30%。(2)不同区域磷虾样本优势年龄组不同,对于南设得兰群岛水域外侧,包括3,4,5龄磷虾样本,其中4龄为该区域磷虾的优势年龄组,占该区域总个体数的70.37%;3龄与5龄个体较少,分别占16.67%,12.96%。布兰斯菲尔德海峡磷虾个体年龄跨度较大,为2,3,4,5龄,3龄个体占优势,为51.43%,2龄个体较少,仅占总个体虾的10.67%。(3)体长范围为29.56~58.89 mm(46.73mm+6.83),与生长年轮呈现很强的相关性,生长曲线方程为Lt=64.57*(1-e-0.38*(t-0.16))。(4)雄性个体性成熟度与其年轮具有较强的线性相关性(n=80,P0.0001),同样雌性个体性成熟度与其相关性也较强(n=36,P0.0001)。(5)不同保存方式(直接冷冻保存和5%甲醛溶液浸泡)的磷虾个体年龄无显著性差异(P=0.2380.05)。2)基于脂肪酸分析的磷虾食性(1)磷虾体内主要脂肪酸为26种,其中C16:0,C14:0,C18:1n9c,C16:1n7,C20:5n3,C22:6n3是其含量较高的6种主要脂肪酸,分别占总脂肪酸含量的21.84%+3.22,8.65%+2.16,10.18%+3.18,4.48%+1.49,18.60%+6.34和14.29%+4.13 mg·g-1。C16:0含量最高,其次为C20:5n3,C22:6n3,且C20:1与C22:1分别占总脂肪酸的1.03%+0.33,0.95%+0.40以及ΣPUFA/ΣSFA结果均说明,磷虾个体会摄取桡足类,且具有一定的肉食性。但磷虾体长与C20:1和C22:1n9分别呈现较强的负相关性,与C22:6n3呈现正相关系,进一步说明,即使在浮游藻类数量减少的秋冬季,磷虾个体摄食模式有可能不会转为摄取大量的异养型高营养级生物,如桡足类,而有可能摄取量较少或摄取营养级稍低的异养鞭毛虫等。(2)奇数碳的Σ15+Σ17脂肪酸在本研究中包括C17:0,C15:1n5及C17:1n7,3种脂肪酸约占总脂肪酸的1.28%,说明浮游细菌也是该区域秋冬季磷虾的摄食对象。(3)不同年龄(2-5龄)下,磷虾个体体内均含有较高的C14:0,C16:0,C16:1n7,C18:1n9c,C20:5n3,C22:6n3脂肪酸,但含量变化趋势有所不同。3)基于稳定同位素分析的磷虾食性(1)磷虾δ13C和δ15N范围分别为-30.0‰~-22.4‰(平均为26.3‰+1.66),3.1‰~5.6‰(4.6‰+0.62)。南设得兰群岛外侧水域和布兰斯菲尔德海峡两区域磷虾的δ13C、δ15N均与体长无显著相关性。4-5月,磷虾整体δ13C平均值呈现急速上升趋势,而5-6月呈缓慢下降趋势;4-6月份整体δ15N平均值无显著差异,且呈现逐渐上升的趋势。南设得兰群岛外侧水域整体δ13C、δ15N平均值均高于布兰斯菲尔德海峡。本研究是国际上首次利用福尔马林保存的磷虾眼柄,通过最新甲壳类动物鉴龄技术——眼柄组织切片,经过眼柄的切取、浸泡、包埋、打磨、镜下观察及读取轮纹等实验步骤,最终得到物种年轮与生长的关系,并判读结果的精确性。同时,与传统鉴龄方法作比较,进一步说明眼柄组织切片技术是一种更准确、直接的鉴龄手段。该工作得到了领域内科学家的高度认可和评价。本研究结果为合理开发与有效评估磷虾资源量提供了重要科学依据,并有利于该物种声学评估研究。磷虾是南大洋中其他动物的主要饵料,占有重要地位。脂类含量提供了有关生物摄食、发育、繁殖等大量信息;而碳氮稳定同位素比值(δ13C、δ15N)分别指示物种食物的来源及营养级状况。本研究主要通过脂肪酸标记法及同位素标记法对该生物的食性进行研究,避免了传统研究方法对其食性研究所带来的可能性影响。本研究有利于该物种摄食的进一步研究,并更好地反应生态系统的物质来源,了解该物种在生态系统能量流动中的作用。
[Abstract]:Antarctic krill (Ephuausia superba Dana, the krill) plays a crucial role in the Antarctic Ocean plankton, mainly distributed in the Antarctic the Atlantic sector. The species because of its large number, rich nutrition and other marine organisms as the main feeding object gradually aroused the attention of researchers. As everyone knows, for the study of any kind biological fishery or resource management requires the understanding of the basic biology of the biological information, which usually includes the population age structure, growth and feeding, natural mortality and growth rate, the species in the age structure is an important index to evaluate whether the fishery sustainable development, it is also an important parameter of population dynamics model. In the age of krill. Has become a science and technology researchers in suspense, the recent work based on the age of krill in the eyestalk has made a breakthrough, and In old Faure Marin has not yet been eyestalk preserved samples obtained by krill has been effectively solved. Therefore, this study focus on the preservation of Faure Marin samples to identify the eyestalk krill age, and carry out accuracy analysis. In addition, krill feeding studies are still lacking, this work has attracted more attentions as a key hub. Primary producers and secondary consumers in the Southern Ocean, the Antarctic krill are other creatures, such as penguins, seals, whales, marine mammals and fish feeding main object. Considering the long winter Antarctic krill, how to spend the long winter, this is also the key problem of the krill feeding problem, but also the late autumn and early winter krill become the key steps to resolve this scientific problem. Therefore, this study combines the results and the use of age discrimination, fatty acid and stable isotope labeling method of two kinds of biological markers Study on the species feeding method. This research mainly uses the 2012 5-6 and 2015 5-6 months of large trawlers "Carrier" round collected 5% Formaldehyde Solution soaked krill samples (104 of which 67 tail tail, 21 males, 16 females, the tail does not distinguish male and female body) and 2015 4-5 July and 2016 4-5 large trawlers "dragon", "dragon" and "Ming" round collection does not use any reagent and direct cryopreservation of krill samples (30 males and 13 tail, the tail, the female 15 tail, is not easy to identify the individual 2 tail). Through the Von Bertalanffy growth equation (VBGF) respectively to determine the relationship between body length and growth rings; through linear regression analysis of the correlation between the maturity and growth rings; analysis of samples and different regional krill krill samples age distribution; the total coincidence rate (Total, Concordance, TC), The average error percentage (Average Percentage, Error, APE) and the coefficient of variation (Coefficient of Variation, CV) the accuracy of three methods to calculate the evaluation of different readers reading, and use the SPSS processing software of different preservation methods of krill age. This study is based on the 2015 4-5 and 2016 4-5 month large trawler as the dragon "," dragon "and" Ming "round of collection of 30 samples using fatty acid tail krill, labeling method was used to study their feeding habits. And further to the source in 2015 4-5 and 2012 5-6 month trawl fishing boat" Carrier "round collected 52 tail krill samples by isotope labeling method the feeding on the research. Through the research, the main conclusions are as follows: 1) based on the identification of eyestalk: (1) the interpretation of total coincidence rate (TC), the coefficient of variation (CV) and the average percentage error (APE) respectively 64.43%, 7.58% (10%), 5.30%. (2) in different regions of different age groups of krill samples, in southern Shetland Islands waters outside, including the 3,4,5 age 4 age of krill samples, advantage age group in the region of krill, the region accounted for 70.37% of the total number of individuals age 3 and age 5; few individuals, respectively. 16.67%, 12.96%. Bransfield Strait, individual krill age span, 2,3,4,5 age, 3 age individual advantage, 51.43%, 2 of individuals aged less, only the total individual shrimp 10.67%. (3) range of body length is 29.56~58.89 mm (46.73mm+6.83), showing a strong correlation with the growth rings, the growth curve of Lt=64.57* (1-e-0.38* (t-0.16)). (4) the male individual maturity and ring with strong linear correlations (n=80, P0.0001), the same female sexual maturity and the correlation is strong (n=36, P0.0001). (5) different preservation methods (direct cryopreservation and 5% Formaldehyde Solution soaked) there was no significant difference in the age of individual krill (P=0.2380.05).2) based on the analysis of fatty acid of krill feeding (1) krill main fatty acids into 26 kinds, including C16:0, C14:0, C18:1n9c, C16:1n7, C20:5n3, C22:6n3 are the 6 major fatty acids, the content is higher, respectively of the total fatty acid content 21.84%+3.22,8.65%+2.16,10.18%+3.18,4.48%+1.49,18.60%+6.34 14.29%+4.13 and Mg g-1.C16:0 were the highest, followed by C20:5n3, C22:6n3, and C20:1 and C22:1 respectively of the total fatty acids 1.03%+0.33,0.95%+0.40 and PUFA/ sigma Sigma SFA results both show that the uptake of copepods of krill, and has to a certain extent. But the carnivorous krill body length and C20:1 and C22:1n9 were negative correlation a strong, positive correlation, and C22:6n3 further explained, even in a reduced number of planktonic algae in autumn and winter, krill may not turn individual feeding mode For higher trophic level organisms ingest large amounts of heterotrophic, such as copepods, and may have less intake or intake level lower. Heterotrophic flagellates (2) of the 17 sigma Sigma 15+ odd carbon fatty acids include C17:0 in this study, C15:1n5 and C17:1n7,3 fatty acids total fatty acids 1.28%, the feeding object in autumn and winter of planktonic bacteria in the region is krill. (3) different age (2-5 years), the individual krill body contain higher C14:0, C16:0, C16:1n7, C18:1n9c, C20:5n3, C22:6n3 fatty acids, but the content changing trend of different.3) based on stable isotope analysis of the krill feeding (1). Delta 13C and Delta 15N ranges were -30.0% ~-22.4% (average 26.3 per thousand +1.66), 3.1 ~5.6 (4.6 +0.62%%%). 8 13C in southern Shetland Islands outside the waters and Plants Field strait two regional krill, Delta 15N were no significant correlation between.4-5 and body length of krill whole month The average value of 13C delta body showing rapid upward trend, while the 5-6 months decreased slowly; 4-6 month overall average 15N value had no significant difference, and increased in southern Shetland Islands. The water areas outside the whole Delta 13C, Delta 15N average value is higher than that of the Bransfield Strait. This research is the first use of formalin preserved krill eyestalk, through the latest in technology -- age crustaceans eyestalk tissue sections after eyestalk excision, soaking, grinding, embedding, microscopic observation and reading lines round the experimental steps, finally obtained the relationship between species and growth rings, accuracy and interpretation of the results. At the same time, compared with the conventional phase old methods, further explains the eyestalk slicing is a more accurate and direct discrimination means age. This work has been highly recognized and evaluated scientists. The results of this study for the reasonable development and effective evaluation Provides an important scientific basis for estimating krill resources, and is conducive to the species acoustic evaluation study. Krill is the main food of other animal in the Southern Ocean, occupies an important position. The lipid content provides information about the biological development, feeding, breeding a lot of information; and the stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic Subige (delta 13C, Delta 15N) respectively, indicating the species source of food and nutrient level. This study mainly through fatty acid labeling and isotope labelling method for feeding the biological research, to avoid the possibility of traditional research methods of the diet of the impact. This research is useful in the further investigation of the species feeding, and better reflects the material source of ecological system the understanding of the role of the species in the ecosystem energy flow.

【学位授予单位】：上海海洋大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S917.4

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