氮肥调控下微灌对冬小麦水氮利用特性及冠层微环境影响的研究

发布时间：2018-04-15 10:09

本文选题：冬小麦 + 微灌　；参考：《河南师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：微灌是一种高效节水的灌溉技术,结合适宜的施氮水平,是目前冬小麦水氮高效利用的有效措施。本研究通过2015-2016年的大田种植,以周麦22、矮抗58为试验材料,设置三个氮肥水平和不同的微灌处理,探讨不同氮肥调控下微灌对冬小麦的生长发育、水氮利用特性、产量性状构成的影响,并研究了灌浆后期微喷灌对冬小麦冠层微环境的影响。主要研究结论如下:1、冬小麦的株高及地上部分干物质积累量均在成熟期达到最大值,滴灌拔节水、开花水能延缓叶面积指数的下降趋势。周麦22的株高在相同处理下均大于矮抗58,且两品种的株高及地上部分干物质积累量均随着灌水量的增多而增大,并且在N3水平下最高。灌浆期周麦22、矮抗58在N2W2处理下的叶面积指数较为适宜,具有更强的群体光合作用及干物质生产能力。2、全生育期耗水量随着施氮量、灌水量增加而增加。在相同氮肥水平下,W2处理的耗水量显著高于其他处理,并且随着滴灌水的增加,耗水量的峰值逐渐后移。不同氮肥水平和水分处理的土壤贮水消耗量有极显著的差异,周麦22、矮抗58在N1、N2水平下的土壤贮水消耗量差异不显著,但均高于N3水平;相同氮肥水平下,则以W2处理的土壤贮水消耗量最大,显著高于W0处理。3、水分利用效率随着灌水量的增加先增大而后减小,随着施氮量的增加逐渐减小。降水利用效率则表现为W2W1W0,N2、N3N1,差异显著(P0.05)。周麦22、矮抗58的水分利用效率均在N2W1处理下最大,而在N2W2处理下对降水的利用效率最大。4、滴灌和氮肥调控及其交互作用对植株的氮素积累影响显著。相同氮肥水平下,氮素总积累量、籽粒氮积累量随着灌水量的增加而增加,以W2处理最高;周麦22在W2处理下的氮素利用率显著高于W1处理,而矮抗58则为W1处理显著高于W2处理。相同的水分处理下,氮素利用率、氮素收获指数随着施氮水平的增加而下降。周麦22、矮抗58的营养器官氮素转运量分别在N2W2、N3W1处理获得最大值。5、在小麦灌浆后期微喷10 mm,能显著降低冬小麦的冠层温度、二氧化碳浓度,并显著提高穗层、穗下30 cm和穗下60 cm的相对湿度及旗叶叶片水势。在12:00-16:00的高温时段,N2W2处理下的冠层微环境优于其他处理,且叶片水势在微喷次日显著高于其他处理0.13-1.16MPa。相关分析表明,产量与冠层相对湿度呈显著性正相关,与旗叶叶片水势存在极显著正相关,与冠层温度、冠层CO2浓度均为负相关,但差异不显著。综合来看,施氮水平为250 kg·hm-2时,在播前、拔节期和开花期以达到0-100cm土层相对含水量为田间持水量的75%滴灌补水,并在灌浆后期微喷灌10 mm,周麦22、矮抗58均能获得最高的产量,分别为6684.71、6952.39 kg·hm-2,并且得到适宜的水、氮利用效率。
[Abstract]:Micro-irrigation is an efficient and water-saving irrigation technology. Combining with the appropriate nitrogen level, it is an effective measure for the efficient utilization of water and nitrogen in winter wheat.Through field planting in 2015-2016, using Zhoumai 22 and Aikang 58 as experimental materials, three nitrogen levels and different micro-irrigation treatments were set up to study the growth and development of winter wheat under different nitrogen fertilizer regulation, and the characteristics of water and nitrogen utilization.The effects of micro-sprinkling irrigation on the canopy microenvironment of winter wheat were studied.The main conclusions were as follows: 1. The plant height and dry matter accumulation of the above ground part of winter wheat reached the maximum at the mature stage. Drip irrigation with jointing water and blooming water could delay the decline of leaf area index.Under the same treatment, the plant height of Zhoumai 22 was higher than that of Daikang 58, and the plant height and dry matter accumulation of aboveground part of Zhoumai 22 increased with the increase of irrigation amount, and the highest was at N3 level.The leaf area index of Zhoumai 22 and Aikang 58 at grain filling stage was more suitable under N2W2 treatment, and had stronger photosynthesis and dry matter production capacity of 0.2. The water consumption increased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation amount during the whole growth period.Under the same nitrogen fertilizer level, the water consumption of W2 treatment was significantly higher than that of other treatments, and the peak value of water consumption gradually moved backward with the increase of drip irrigation water.The soil water storage consumption of different nitrogen fertilizer levels and water treatments was significantly different. The soil water storage consumption of Zhoumai 22 and Aikang 58 was not significant at N _ 1 N _ 2 level, but higher than that of N _ 3 level, but was higher than that of N _ 3 level.The water storage consumption of W2 treatment was the largest, which was significantly higher than that of W0 treatment. The Wue increased first and then decreased with the increase of irrigation amount, and gradually decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate.The precipitation utilization efficiency (W2W1W0) N _ 2N _ 2N _ 3N _ 1 was significantly different (P < 0.05).Water use efficiency (Wue) of Zhoumai 22 and Daikang58 was the highest under N2W1 treatment, while that of precipitation under N2W2 treatment was the highest. The effects of drip irrigation, nitrogen fertilizer regulation and their interaction on plant nitrogen accumulation were significant.Under the same nitrogen fertilizer level, the total nitrogen accumulation and grain nitrogen accumulation increased with the increase of irrigation amount, and the highest nitrogen use efficiency of Zhoumai 22 under W2 treatment was higher than that of W1 treatment.Dwarf resistance 58 was significantly higher in W1 treatment than in W2 treatment.Under the same water treatment, nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen harvest index decreased with the increase of nitrogen application level.The nitrogen transport capacity of vegetative organs of Zhoumai 22 and Daikang58 reached the maximum value of .5in N _ 2W _ 2N _ 3W _ 1 treatment, and 10 mm slightly sprayed at the late filling stage of wheat, which could significantly reduce the canopy temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, and increase the ear layer of winter wheat.The relative humidity and leaf water potential of flag leaf were 30 cm under ear and 60 cm below ear.In the high temperature period of 12: 00-16: 00, the canopy microenvironment of N _ 2W _ 2 treatment was superior to that of other treatments, and the leaf water potential was significantly higher than that of other treatments 0.13-1.16 MPa on the next day after micro-spraying.Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between yield and canopy relative humidity, extremely significant positive correlation with leaf water potential of flag leaf, negative correlation with canopy temperature and canopy CO2 concentration, but no significant difference.In general, when the nitrogen application level was 250kg hm-2, 75% drip irrigation with relative water content of 0-100cm soil layer as the field water capacity was used in jointing and flowering stage before sowing, and the highest yield was obtained by micro-sprinkling irrigation of 10mm, Zhoumai 22mm, Aikang 58 at late filling stage.The water and nitrogen use efficiency were 6684.71 ~ 6952.39 kg 路h ~ (-2) 路h ~ (-2), respectively.
【学位授予单位】：河南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S512.11

【参考文献】