行距配置对黄淮南部夏玉米群体资源利用效率的影响

发布时间：2018-04-23 20:01

  本文选题：行距 + 夏玉米　； 参考：《河南农业大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：黄淮海是我国玉米主产区之一,多样化种植方式与目前主流玉米收割机行距要求矛盾突出,严重制约该区玉米机械化收获技术的有效利用。因此,在黄淮海地区统一种植行距对玉米现代化生产有重要意义。为了建立既能够高效利用自然资源又能适宜机械化统一操作的行距配置方式,连续3年(2012-2014)在大田条件下以3个不同株高类型的玉米杂交种为材料(中秆品种郑单958,高秆品种先玉335和矮秆品种512-4(新单65)),设置2个种植密度(60000株·hm-2和75000株·hm-2),研究了5种行距配置方式(50 cm、60 cm、70cm、80 cm等行距和80+40 cm宽窄行)对玉米资源利用的影响。主要结果如下:1行距配置方式对夏玉米产量的影响不同株高类型品种在60000株·hm-2密度下以60和70 cm行距处理具有相对较高的产量,且60 cm与70 cm行距处理间产量差异不显著;75000株·hm-2下,不同株高类型品种均以60 cm等行距处理时具有相对较高的产量。总的来看,不同株高类型品种和密度下,60 cm行距处理的平均产量最高,比50 cm、70 cm、80 cm等行距和80+40 cm宽窄行处理分别高2.86%、1.59%、5.71%和3.88%,与50 cm、70 cm等行距和宽窄行处理间差异不显著,但显著高于80 cm等行距处理。2行株距配置方式对玉米植株形态的影响不同株高类型品种在相同密度下,随行距扩大,株高、穗位高升高,株高系数和茎粗减小,叶片变长变窄,并向行间延伸,趋向与种植行垂直;穗部叶片茎叶夹角变大,叶向值减小,叶面积指数呈降低趋势;根重有增大的趋势,形态发生变化,向行间延伸增多。与其他行距处理相比,60 cm等行距处理具有相对较大的的叶面积指数、茎粗和根重,相对较小的株高系数和叶向值,基部茎节较短,有利于群体抗倒能力的提高,株型变得紧凑,叶片相互间遮挡减少,分布合理,在一定程度上有利于群体叶片持绿性和耐密性的提高。3行株距配置方式对玉米群体内微气象因子的影响不同株高类型品种在相同密度下,随行距扩大,冠层透光性逐渐变好,冠层内CO2浓度升高,温、湿度降低,中上部冠层光照截获率显著降低。与其他行距处理相比,60、70 cm等行距处理,中下部冠层受光较好,光能截获率相对较大,冠层光能分布相对合理,能够有效地促进中下部冠层利用和截获光能资源。4行距配置方式对玉米水肥资源吸收与积累的影响不同株高类型品种在两个密度下,随行距扩大,水分蒸发加快,土壤含水量呈降低趋势,土壤铵态氮和硝态氮积累量逐渐降低,地上部植株的氮、磷、钾养分吸收利用效率也呈降低趋势。其中,60 cm等行距处理与其他行距处理相比,养分吸收利用效率相对较高,有利于产量的提高。5行株距配置方式对群体抗性的影响不同株高类型品种在相同密度下,随行距扩大,虫害率和病株率逐渐降低,适当扩大种植行距能够使不同品种在不同种植密度下增强群体抗倒性,减轻群体病虫害的发生机率。其中,60 cm等行距处理具有相对较好的群体抗逆性。上述结果表明,60 cm等行距配置方式对能够协调高密度下地上部与地下部冠层形态和水肥及光能资源的吸收利用,为产量的形成提供良好的物质基础,使个体和群体增产潜力得以充分发挥,获得较高的产量,可作为目前和未来玉米机械化生产的种植行距推广应用。
[Abstract]:The Yellow Huai sea is one of the main producing areas of Maize in China. The contradiction between the diversified planting methods and the line spacing requirements of the current main maize harvester has seriously restricted the effective utilization of the mechanized harvesting technology of Maize in this area. Therefore, the unified planting spacing in the Yellow Huai and Huai sea area is of great significance to the modern production of corn. For 3 years (2012-2014), 3 maize hybrids of different plant and high types were used as materials (Zhengdan 958, high stem variety Yu 335 and dwarf variety 512-4 (new single 65)) under field conditions for 3 years (2012-2014), and 2 planting densities (60000 plants, hm-2 and 75000 plants and hm-2) were set up, and 5 species were studied. The influence of row spacing (50 cm, 60 cm, 70cm, 80 cm etc. distance and 80+40 cm wide narrow row) on the utilization of maize resources. The main results are as follows: the effect of 1 row spacing on the yield of summer maize is relatively high yield under 60 and 70 cm spacing under 60000 plant and hm-2 density, and 60 cm and 70 cm row spacing treatment. There was no significant difference in yield between 75000 plants and hm-2. The high yield of different plant varieties with 60 cm and other rows was relatively high. On the whole, the average yield of 60 cm row spacing was highest, which was 2.86%, 1.59%, 5.71% and 3. higher than 50 cm, 70 cm, 80 cm and 80+40 cm width. 88%, the difference of distance between 50 cm and 70 cm was not significant, but it was significantly higher than that of 80 cm. It tends to be perpendicular to the planting line. The angle of the stem and leaf of the panicle leaves becomes larger, the leaf direction is reduced, the leaf area index shows a decreasing trend, the root weight has a tendency to increase, the shape changes and extends to the interline. Compared with other row spacing treatment, the 60 cm distance treatment has relatively large leaf area index, stem diameter and root weight, relatively small plant height line. The number and leaf orientation value, the stem node of the base is shorter, it is beneficial to the improvement of the colony resistance ability, the plant type becomes compact, the shade between the leaves is reduced, the distribution is reasonable, to a certain extent, it is beneficial to the green and the tighten resistance of the group leaves to a certain extent, the effect of.3 row spacing on the micrometeorological factors in the maize population is the same. Under the density, the translucency of the canopy gradually becomes better, the CO2 concentration in the canopy increases, the temperature and humidity decrease, and the light interception rate of the upper and middle canopy decreases significantly. Compared with other row spacing treatment, 60,70 cm and other row spacing are better, the light energy interception rate is larger, the light energy distribution of the canopy is relatively reasonable, and can effectively promote the canopy light distribution. The effects of.4 row spacing on the absorption and accumulation of maize water and fertilizer resources in the middle and lower canopy layers were affected by different plant height types at two densities. The water evaporation was accelerated, soil water content was reduced, the soil ammonium nitrogen and nitrate accumulation of soil decreased gradually, and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the upper plants were raised. The absorption and utilization efficiency also showed a decreasing trend. Among them, 60 cm row spacing treatment compared with other row spacing treatment, nutrient absorption and utilization efficiency was relatively high, which was beneficial to the increase of yield. The effect of.5 row spacing on population resistance was affected by different plant height varieties at the same density, and the random distance was enlarged, and the pest rate and plant rate gradually decreased. The extended planting spacing can enhance the population resistance and reduce the incidence of population disease and insect pests at different planting densities. Among them, 60 cm and other row spacing have relatively good population resistance. The above results show that the 60 cm row spacing configuration can coordinate the upper and underground canopy morphology of high density under high density. The absorption and utilization of water and fertilizer and light energy resources provide a good material basis for the formation of yield, making the potential of increasing production potential of individuals and groups to full play and obtaining higher yield, which can be used as the extension and application of planting spacing in the present and future mechanized production of maize.

【学位授予单位】：河南农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S513

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