吉林省西部玉米膜下滴灌氮肥减施增效技术研究

发布时间：2018-05-11 05:16

本文选题：氮肥减施 + 玉米产量　；参考：《吉林农业大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：氮肥减施是现今农业工作者研究的重点问题,因此探究吉林省西部化肥氮减施相关技术具有重要意义。本文从减施氮肥和农业废弃物替代化肥氮两种方式探讨减施氮肥对吉林省西部半干旱区玉米产量、干物质积累、氮素吸收积累以及氮肥利用率的影响。开展玉米减氮施肥的新型模式,为吉林省西部黑土区减氮施肥技术打下坚实基础。1.通过研究玉米膜下滴灌氮肥施用方式与玉米产量间的关系,得出在施氮量为240kg/hm2时,玉米产量最高达15701.9kg/hm2,通过直线加平台分析得出当地,施肥量为187.243 kg/hm2时可以得到最佳产量,已达到肥料与玉米产量的最佳效益值;施肥时期以基肥+拔节+抽雄的施用方式玉米产量达到最高,达16530.5kg/hm2;各处理各项生理指标均呈现该趋势,可以说明合理的氮肥施入量和施肥时期及比例会明显增加玉米产量、氮素吸收积累以及氮肥利用率,对玉米增产起到促进作用。建议当地施氮量范围保持在180-200kg/hm2,产量可达15000 kg/hm2以上,当地施肥方式可采用基肥(30%)+拔节(25%)+抽雄(45)方式。2.通过玉米减氮施肥试验发现,当降低20%施氮量时,玉米产量及干物质量并没有降低,反而有少量增加,说明适当降低氮肥投入量不会明显影响玉米产量及干物质。氮素的积累速率最高值出现在T1(N240)处理,较T0(N300)处理高出0.005 g/plant/d,两者差异不显著,说明适当减少氮肥的施入有利于提高玉米对氮素的吸收积累,适当的降低肥料的施入还会增加肥料利用率其中T1(N240)处理较T0(N300)处理高出近14%。综上,说明适当的将施氮肥可以节约成本,降低环境风险,提高肥料利用率,从而增加产量。3.通过玉米膜下滴管农业废弃物替代化肥氮试验得出,产量最高处理为S3处理,达12350.0kg/hm2,较农民习惯施肥高出29.7%,各个粪肥还田处理产量也较弄民习惯施肥增加明显,说明粪肥对农作物产量有着显著的提高,各处理干物质量也呈现该趋势。各个粪肥还田处理中鸡粪还田各项生理指标明显高于其他处理,所以鸡粪还田为有机物还田首选,而25%鸡粪还田较50%鸡粪还田处理产量增加8.6%,干物质量增加5.1%,肥料利用率提高了4%。综上得出粪肥还田有助于玉米的高产,25%鸡粪还田+75%化肥氮处理各项生理指标均为各处理中最高,为最优处理,推荐当地条件下以25%鸡粪还田+75%化肥氮最佳,其化肥氮采用基肥(30%)+拔节(25%)+抽雄(45%)方式,农业废弃物及磷、钾肥均以基肥一次性施入。
[Abstract]:Nitrogen fertilizer reduction is a key issue for agricultural workers, so it is of great significance to explore the related techniques of fertilizer nitrogen reduction in western Jilin Province. In this paper, the effects of reducing application of nitrogen fertilizer on corn yield, dry matter accumulation, nitrogen absorption accumulation and nitrogen utilization efficiency in semi-arid region of western Jilin Province were discussed by means of reducing application of nitrogen fertilizer and replacing fertilizer nitrogen with agricultural waste. To develop a new model of nitrogen reduction and fertilization in maize, lay a solid foundation for nitrogen reduction and fertilization technology in the black soil region of west Jilin Province. By studying the relationship between nitrogen fertilizer application mode and maize yield under film drip irrigation, it was concluded that the highest yield of maize was 15701.9 kg 路hm ~ 2 when nitrogen rate was 240kg/hm2, and the best yield could be obtained when the amount of fertilizer was 187.243 kg/hm2 by linear and platform analysis. It has reached the best benefit value of fertilizer and maize yield, and the yield of maize reached the highest with 16530.5 kg / hm ~ (2) in the application of jointing and androgen in the fertilization period. All physiological indexes of the treatments showed this trend. It can be concluded that the reasonable amount of nitrogen application and the period and proportion of fertilizer application can obviously increase maize yield, nitrogen absorption and accumulation, and nitrogen use efficiency, which can promote maize yield increase. It is suggested that the local nitrogen application should be kept in the range of 180 ~ 200 kg / hm ~ (2), and the yield should be more than 15000 kg/hm2, and the local fertilization method could be used as base fertilizer 30) jointing 25 (45). It was found that the yield and dry matter of maize did not decrease, but increased slightly when the amount of nitrogen fertilizer was reduced by 20%, which indicated that the proper reduction of nitrogen input would not significantly affect the yield and dry matter of maize. The highest rate of nitrogen accumulation appeared in T1N 240) treatment, which was 0.005 g / t / d higher than that in T0 N 300) treatment, the difference was not significant, which indicated that proper reduction of nitrogen fertilizer application was beneficial to increase N uptake and accumulation in maize. The appropriate reduction of fertilizer application also increased the fertilizer utilization efficiency. The T1N 240) treatment was nearly 14% higher than that of T0 N 300) treatment. To sum up, the proper application of nitrogen fertilizer can save the cost, reduce the environmental risk, improve the fertilizer use efficiency, thereby increasing the yield. 3. Through the experiment of replacing fertilizer nitrogen with agricultural waste under corn film, it was found that the highest yield was treated with S3, which reached 12350.0kg / hm ~ 2, 29.7kg / hm ~ 2 higher than that of farmers, and the yield of every manure returning to the field was increased obviously than that of common fertilizer. The results showed that manure had a significant increase in crop yield, and the dry matter quality of each treatment showed the same trend. The physiological indexes of chicken manure returning to the field were significantly higher than those of other treatments, so chicken manure returning to the field was the first choice for organic matter. The yield of 25% chicken manure returned to the field was increased by 8.6%, the dry weight increased 5.1%, and the fertilizer utilization rate increased by 4% compared with 50% chicken manure return treatment. It was concluded that the physiological indexes of 75% fertilizer nitrogen treatment were the highest among the treatments, and it was recommended that 25% chicken manure was the best fertilizer nitrogen in the field under the local conditions. The fertilizer nitrogen was applied in the form of base fertilizer (30%) and jointing (25%). The agricultural waste, phosphorus and potash were all applied in one-time with base fertilizer.
【学位授予单位】：吉林农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S513

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