中美黑土区水土保持工作比较研究

发布时间：2018-05-20 22:32

本文选题：美国 + 中国东北　；参考：《吉林大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：世界上有三大黑土区,分别位于北美洲的美国密西西比河流域、欧洲的第聂伯河畔的乌克兰平原和亚洲的中国松辽流域东北平原。东北黑土区由于特殊的自然气候条件,以及历史、人为原因,导致东部地区山地森林退化、中部丘陵沟壑纵横、西部湿地湖泊萎缩,地表裸露、盐碱、沙漠化,黑土层逐年变薄,水土流失日趋严重。防治水土流失,研究和制定符合实际的政策措施,合理利用和保护东北黑土区水土资源迫在眉睫。本文主要研究东北黑土区的水土流失治理问题,致力于分析指出现阶段东北黑土区水土资源保护方面的问题、原因,探索既能适合我国国情,又能符合全球视野要求的黑土区水土保持规划、保护、治理的方法和对策。为此,本文通过梳理中美黑土区水土资源和水土流失现状,比较中美在法律法规、行政管理体系、资金运作模式、生产建设项目水土流失防治方面的不同,介绍美国的土地休耕补贴计划(CRP)和环境公民诉讼制度,又分别从土壤侵蚀普查频次、水土保持工程措施、小流域水土保持治理程序、效果和监测运行机制等方面进行比较,最后总结了东北黑土区水土流失治理存在的问题并分析了原因,并以当前水土保持的现状为依据,从法律法规、体制机制以及方法措施方面提出了解决问题的对策建议。研究发现,东北黑土区在开发过程中与美国历史上密西西比河黑土区的开发过程极其相似,水土流失产生的原因如出一辙,美国的法律体系较为完善,民间水土保持组织的能动作用发挥较好,在解决水土流失问题中,美国所体现的以人为本的民主精神、在水土保持等环境政策中的补贴模式、公民环境诉讼制度、以保护环境为主要目的的征地政策等很值得我国借鉴。我国东北黑土区的水土保持工作还存在一些亟需解决的问题,比如行政上多头管理问题、人为水土流失问题、治理工程推行难问题、监测能力不足问题、惩罚制度落实受阻、环境让利于经济等问题。针对这些问题,笔者探讨了相关的解决对策,如比修订完善法律法规、制度建设、建立补偿政策、发挥公众能动性、多元化投资等等。本文主要研究由风力侵蚀、水力侵蚀引起的水土流失并与之相关的水土保持管理问题,不涉及土地权属、资源配置、市场秩序等问题。
[Abstract]:There are three major black soil regions in the world, namely, the Mississippi River Basin in North America, the Ukrainian Plain on the Dnieper River in Europe and the Northeast Plain in the Songliao Basin in Asia. Due to special natural climatic conditions, historical and man-made reasons, the black soil region of Northeast China has caused the degradation of mountain forests in the eastern region, the longitudinal and horizontal hills and gullies in the central part, the shrinking of wetland lakes in the west, the exposed surface, saline-alkali, desertification, etc. Black soil is thinning year by year and soil erosion is becoming more and more serious. It is urgent to control soil and water loss, to study and formulate policies and measures in accordance with reality, and to utilize and protect soil and water resources reasonably in the black soil area of Northeast China. This paper mainly studies the problem of soil and water loss control in Northeast Black soil region, and points out the problems of soil and water resources protection in Northeast Black soil region at present, the reasons, and the exploration of which is suitable for the national conditions of our country. The methods and countermeasures of soil and water conservation planning, protection and management in black soil areas in accordance with the requirements of global vision. Therefore, by combing the present situation of soil and water resources and soil erosion in black soil areas of China and the United States, this paper compares the differences between China and the United States in the aspects of laws and regulations, administrative systems, capital operation modes, and the prevention and control of soil and water loss in production and construction projects. This paper introduces the land fallow subsidy program (CRP) of the United States and the environmental citizen litigation system. It also compares the frequency of soil erosion survey, soil and water conservation engineering measures, soil and water conservation control procedures of small watersheds, effectiveness and monitoring operation mechanism, etc. Finally, the paper summarizes the existing problems of soil and water loss control in the black soil area of Northeast China and analyzes the reasons. Based on the current situation of soil and water conservation, the countermeasures and suggestions are put forward from the aspects of laws and regulations, system mechanism and methods and measures. The study found that the development process of the Northeast Black soil region is very similar to that of the Mississippi River Black soil region in the history of the United States, and the causes of soil erosion are the same, and the legal system of the United States is relatively perfect. The active role of folk soil and water conservation organizations plays a better role. In solving the problem of soil and water loss, the United States embodies the people-oriented democratic spirit, the subsidy model in environmental policies such as soil and water conservation, and the citizen's environmental litigation system. The land expropriation policy, which aims to protect the environment, is worthy of our country's reference. There are still some problems that need to be solved in the soil and water conservation work in the black soil area of Northeast China, such as the administrative problems of multiple management, the problem of artificial soil and water loss, the difficulty of carrying out the control project, the problem of insufficient monitoring capacity, and the obstruction of the implementation of the punishment system. The environment gives way to the economy and so on. In view of these problems, the author discusses the relevant countermeasures, such as revising and perfecting laws and regulations, system construction, establishing compensation policy, giving play to public initiative, diversified investment and so on. This paper mainly studies the soil erosion caused by wind erosion and hydraulic erosion and the related soil and water conservation management problems, which are not related to land ownership, resource allocation, market order and so on.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S157

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