管氏肿腿蜂雌成蜂的护幼行为及其对子代适合度的影响

发布时间：2018-05-31 12:04

本文选题：管氏肿腿蜂 + 护幼行为　；参考：《贵州师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：管氏肿腿蜂Scleroderma guani Xiao et Wu隶属于膜翅目Hymenoptera、肿腿蜂科Bethylidae、硬皮肿腿蜂属Scleroderma Latreille,是许多鞘翅目和鳞翅目昆虫的体外寄生蜂。该蜂繁殖速度快、繁殖率高、寄生能力强、寄主范围广,广泛用于天牛等林木蛀干害虫的生物防治中。目前,关于管氏肿腿蜂的生物学习性、人工繁育和野外释放技术等方面取得了一定进展,其行为学研究主要集中在寄主搜索、选择和利用等方面。但是,关于管氏肿腿蜂雌成蜂护幼行为的研究报道尚少。因此,本文以“管氏肿腿蜂-松墨天牛”为研究对象,研究管氏肿腿蜂雌成蜂护幼行为的具体表现及特征,以及该行为对其子代发育和存活等适合度的影响;同时,初探了影响雌成蜂护幼行为的化学主导因素,拟揭示管氏肿腿蜂护幼行为的生物学意义及其化学通讯机制,以丰富肿腿蜂科昆虫的行为生态学研究,并为管氏肿腿蜂规模化繁殖技术改进提供重要理论依据。1、管氏肿腿蜂雌成蜂护幼行为的系统观察为明确雌成蜂护幼行为的过程及特征,本实验采取室内饲养和摄像机连续录像等方法,观察了雌成蜂护幼行为的具体表现,并对比分析雌成蜂在其子代不同发育阶段中,典型护幼行为在时间和空间上的动态变化。观察发现:(1)雌成蜂护幼行为主要表现为:子代体表游走与触探、搬运子代幼虫、协助子代羽化、与子代雄蜂交配等一系列典型行为;(2)雌成蜂在子代蜂体表游走与触探主要发生在幼虫期和茧蛹期。而在卵期,雌成蜂于子代体表上的护幼时间较短(1.448±0.984 min),大部分时间是在寄主体表游走与触探(409.245±19.478 min);当子代蜂发育至幼虫期后,雌成蜂在子代蜂体表游走与触探的时间增加,到老熟幼虫期和吐丝幼虫期时均长达470 min以上,远高于在寄主和其它区域的活动时间(约100min);(3)搬运行为是雌成蜂护幼行为的重要行为过程,主要发生在老熟幼虫期、吐丝幼虫期和茧蛹期,但以老熟幼虫期最为集中,发生频次约达16.833±1.761次/600min,占总时间的17.027%,而在吐丝幼虫期和茧蛹期的搬运时间还不到总时间的0.1%;(4)子代羽化时,有的母代蜂会咬破茧壳协助子代蜂羽化,发生频次为3.625±0.925次/600min,历时约12.952±4.050min;有的母代蜂还会与子代雄蜂交配,但交配频次较少(0.333±0.167次/600min)。2、管氏肿腿蜂雌成蜂护幼行为对其子代发育的影响以子代蜂发育全程均有母代蜂护幼作为对照,比较分析不同发育时期缺失母代蜂护幼后,子代适合度的变化,结果显示:卵期缺失母代蜂护幼时,低龄幼虫的平均发育历期明显延长,是对照的1.6倍;子代不同发育时期缺失母代蜂护幼后,老熟幼虫平均发育历期均会延长,比对照延长约0.885 d。此外,在卵期和幼虫期缺失母代蜂护幼不利于子代存活,如卵期缺失母代蜂护幼将使其发育至老熟幼虫和吐丝幼虫的存活率降低,分别为22.080±5.862%和17.430±4.550%,分别是对照的1/3和1/4。同时,在卵期、低龄幼虫期、高龄幼虫期和老熟幼虫期缺失母代蜂护幼时,其子代蜂感染球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana的比例均高于40%,尤其是低龄幼虫期缺失母代蜂后子代感染率高达65.680±3.503%,是全程均有母代蜂护幼的11倍。结果表明,管氏肿腿蜂母代蜂护幼行为有利于子代的生长发育,提高子代存活率并降低子代感病率,对管氏肿腿蜂种群的繁衍具有重要意义。3、影响管氏肿腿蜂雌成蜂护幼行为的化学信息物质通过GC-MS对母代蜂和不同发育时期子代蜂体表粗提液进行定性和定量分析。结果显示,从母代蜂与子代蜂体表粗提液中共鉴定出31种化合物,主要包括烃类、萜烯类、醇类、酸类和酯类五类物质。其中,十六醇仅存在于卵表面和低龄幼虫体表,含量为0.182±0.002ng/头和0.627±0.003ng/头;顺-十八碳烯酸存在于老熟幼虫、吐丝幼虫和茧蛹体表,含量分别为0.139±0.079ng/头、0.354±0.093ng/头、2.539±0.058ng/头;棕榈酸乙基酯仅存在于老熟幼虫体表,为2.640±0.020ng/头;十六酸为茧蛹体表特有物质(20.626±1.732ng/头);子代雌成蜂体表的烷烃和烯烃的含量均高于其它虫态。而茧蛹体表的n-二十四醇-1和1-二十七醇含量均高于其它虫态,分别为644.688±120.981ng/头和3414.783±508.146ng/头。利用选择性试验测定母代蜂对不同发育时期子代蜂实体、子代蜂体表粗提液及标准品化合物的行为反应。结果显示:雌成蜂对老熟幼虫和茧蛹粗提液的成功选择率较高(23.000±4.812%和35.500±6.304%),且停留时间较长(33.196±3.884min和45.169±9.567min)。此外,与对照相比,母代蜂会优先选择正二十三烷、正二十七烷、十六酸以及棕榈酸乙基酯四种化学物质。通过非选择性试验验证了母代蜂搬运行为的特点及其对子代移动和存活的影响。结果显示,无雌成蜂搬运条件下,老熟幼虫虽能部分自行离开寄主,但在寄主周围成离散状态分布,且脱离寄主率较低,仅为37%左右;而有母代蜂搬运条件下,老熟幼虫脱离寄主残骸呈聚集式堆积,其脱离寄主率高达75%,且子代存活率达83%,是前者的2.115倍。根据老熟幼虫体表主要化学信息物质的分析鉴定,选取10种主要物质的标准样品制作模拟老熟幼虫,以验证这些物质是否能引起母代蜂3、影响管氏肿腿蜂雌成蜂护幼行为的化学信息物质的搬运行为。结果显示,棕榈酸乙基酯、顺9-二十三烯和1-二十七醇均会使母代蜂表现出搬运行为。
[Abstract]:Scleroderma Guani Xiao et Wu, which belongs to the Hymenoptera Hymenoptera, Bethylidae of the family swollen Hornet, and Scleroderma Latreille of the genus scleroderma, is a parasite of many Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. The bee has fast propagation speed, high breeding rate, strong parasitism and wide host range. It is widely used in the stem borers of the trees and other trees. In biological control. At present, some progress has been made about the biological learning, artificial breeding and field release techniques of swollen swollen wasps. Their behavioral studies are mainly focused on host search, selection and utilization. However, there are few reports on the behavior of female adult swollen wasps. Therefore, this article is "Guan's". To study the specific performance and characteristics of the female adult female adult swollen wasp, as well as the influence of the behavior on the development and survival of its offspring, the chemical leading factors affecting the young behavior of the female adult wasps were explored, and the biological significance of the behavior of the young swollen swell wasp and the biological significance of the behavior were explored. The chemical communication mechanism, which enriches the behavioral ecology of the swell beekolidides, provides an important theoretical basis for the improvement of the scale propagation technology of the swollen swell wasps,.1. The systematic observation of the behavior of the female adults of the swollen swollen wasps is the process and characteristics of the behavior of female adult bees. The specific performance of female adult bee nursing behavior was observed, and the dynamic changes in the time and space of the typical young women were compared and analyzed in the different developmental stages of the female adult bee. The observation showed that: (1) the behavior of female adult wasps was mainly manifested in the subgeneration body surface wandering and penetration, carrying the progeny larvae, assisting the generation of the offspring, and the offspring. A series of typical behaviors such as male bee mating, (2) the female adult bee's body surface travel and penetration are mainly in the larval stage and cocoon pupae period. At the egg stage, the female adult bee is short (1.448 + 0.984 min) on the subsurface of the offspring, most of the time is on the main body surface (409.245 + 19.478 min), and the offspring are developed to the larval stage. After that, the time for the female adult bee to travel and probe on the body surface of the progeny increased to more than 470 min to the old mature larval stage and the silk larva stage, which is far higher than that in the host and other regions (about 100min). (3) the handling behavior is an important behavior process for the female adult bees to protect the young, mainly in the old mature larva stage, the silk larva stage and cocoon. Pupal stage, but with the most concentrated stage of the old mature larva period, the occurrence frequency is 16.833 + 1.761 times /600min, accounting for 17.027% of the total time, while in the larval stage and cocoon pupa period, the handling time is less than 0.1% of the total time. (4) when the progeny of the offspring, some parent bees bite the cocoon shell to assist the generation of the offspring, and the frequency is 3.625 + 0.925 times /600min, about 1 times. 2.952 + 4.050min; some parent wasps could mate with the offspring of the progeny, but the mating frequency was less (0.333 + 0.167 times /600min).2. The results showed that the average development period of the low age larvae prolonged obviously, 1.6 times as much as the control, and the average development period of the old mature larvae would be prolonged and 0.885 D. longer than that of the control. The survival rate of the mother generation, such as the absence of oocyte period, reduced the survival rate of the old mature larvae and silk larvae, which were 22.080 + 5.862% and 17.430 + 4.550% respectively, respectively, 1/3 and 1/4. of the control, at the same time, at the egg stage, the low age larva stage, the old larva stage and the old mature larva stage, and the offspring were infected with the Bacillus bassiana Be. The ratio of auveria bassiana was higher than 40%, especially the infection rate of the mother generation after the loss of the mother generation was up to 65.680 + 3.503%, which was 11 times as high as that of the mother generation. The results showed that the nursing behavior of the parent wasp was beneficial to the growth and development of the progeny, the survival rate of the offspring and the decrease of the incidence of the progeny of the progeny. The breeding of the population has an important significance.3, which affects the chemical material of the female adult of the swollen swollen wasp, and the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the crude extracts of the body surface of the female bee and the different developmental stages of the offspring. The results show that 31 compounds were identified from the body surface of the parent bee and the offspring, mainly including hydrocarbons and terpenes. Five kinds of substances such as alkenes, alcohols, acids and esters. Among them, sixteen alcohol only exists on the surface of the egg and the body surface of the low age larvae, the content is 0.182 + 0.002ng/ head and 0.627 + 0.003ng/ head. The CIS eighteen artic acid exists in the old mature larvae, the silk larva and the cocoon pupa body surface, the content is 0.139 0.079ng/ head respectively, 0.354 + 0.093ng/ head and 2.539 + 0.058ng/ head; palm The acid ethyl ester existed only in the body surface of the old mature larvae, 2.640 + 0.020ng/ head and sixteen acid as the specific substance of the cocoon pupae (20.626 + 1.732ng/ head), and the content of alkane and olefin in the female adult female adult bee was higher than that of other insect states. The content of n- twenty-four alcohol -1 and 1- twenty-seven alcohol in the cocoon pupae body surface were all higher than those of other insect States, which were 644.688 + 120.981ng respectively. The results showed that the successful selection rate of female adult bee on the crude extract of old mature larvae and cocoon pupae was higher (23 + 4.812% and 35.500 + 6.304%), and the retention time was longer. The results showed that the female adult bee had a higher successful selection rate (23 + 4.812% and 35.500 + 6.304%) for the old mature larvae and cocoon pupae. (33.196 + 3.884min and 45.169 + 9.567min). In addition, compared with the control, the parent bee preferred to select twenty-three alkane, twenty-seven alkane, sixteen acid and four palmitic acid ethyl ester. By non selective test, the characteristics of the parent wasp handling behavior and its effect on the migration and survival of the progeny were verified. Under the handling condition, the old mature larva can leave the host partly, but it is distributed around the host in a discrete state, and the disengagement rate is only about 37%. Under the condition of mother generation, the old mature larva is aggregated from the host debris, and its detachment rate is up to 75%, and the survival rate of the progeny is 83%, which is 2.115 times the former. According to the analysis and identification of the main chemical information material of the old mature larvae, the standard samples of 10 main substances were selected to make simulated old mature larvae, to verify whether these substances could cause the female 3, and affect the handling behavior of the chemical information material of the female adult swollen swollen bee female adult bee. The results showed that palmitic acid ethyl ester and CIS 9- twenty-three alkene. Both 1- and twenty-seven alcohol can make the parent bee behave as a carrier.
【学位授予单位】：贵州师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S763.306.4

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