防虫网栽培下环境因子及柑橘生理变化研究

发布时间：2018-06-11 13:33

本文选题：柑橘 + 防虫网　；参考：《西南大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：黄龙病是对全球柑橘产业造成毁灭性的主要病害。我国最早在广东潮汕地区发现,之后在四川攀枝花、江西赣州和云南等19个省市柑橘产区均发现该病。目前,仍然没有能够完全抗黄龙病的柑橘砧木和品种,该病主要是以带病木虱取食柑橘嫩叶后感染植株。因此,如何高效防治木虱是防控黄龙病的有效途径,生产上主要采取在新梢抽发期喷布农药杀死木虱,喷药次数为12~20次/年,对柑橘果实安全生产有很大的隐患。近年来,江西省赣州、四川省攀枝花柑橘产区已经小规模地利用防虫网来隔离木虱,这种栽培模式可大幅度减少喷药次数和节省劳动力,生产上推广速度很快。但有关柑橘防虫网栽培的研究还少见报道。本研究以重庆北碚、江西赣南和四川攀枝花三个不同生态区防虫网覆盖下的脐橙为试验材料,研究防虫网栽培下环境因子、树体物候期、光合速率、果实产量和品质的变化,主要结果如下:1、防虫网栽培对环境因子的影响(1)对柑橘树冠温度的影响:年平均温和晴天日平均温均较对照低,且晴天较雨天的温差更大。如重庆40目、50目和60目年平均温分别比对照降低0.11℃、0.08℃、0.06℃,晴天日平均温分别降低0.31℃、0.23℃和0.23℃,雨天日平均温40目比对照降低0.07℃,而50目和60目分别比对照高0.22℃和0.17℃,晴天的日平均温差分别比对照低1.52℃、1.29℃和1.58℃,雨天的日平均温差分别比对照低0.21℃、0.05℃和0.08℃;同样江西赣南和四川攀枝花40目年平均温分别比对照低0.58℃和0.01℃。经方差分析表明,各处理与对照之间的年平均温,晴、雨天日平均温度和温差均无显著差异。(2)对柑橘树冠相对湿度的影响:结果表明,与对照相比,相对湿度均比对照要高,且晴天较雨天更高。重庆40目、50目和60目年平均相对湿度分别比对照升高1.26%、1.27%和2.08%。江西赣南和四川攀枝花年平均相对湿度分别比对照高1.06%和7.65%。经方差分析表明,各处理与对照之间相对湿度无显著差异。(3)对柑橘树冠光照强度的影响:不同处理较对照相比,均显著降低了光照强度。重庆40目、50目和60目年平均光照强度分别比对照降低39.9%、50.4%和67.2%;江西赣南和攀枝花分别比对照降低4.90%和28.0%。(4)对柑橘土壤温度的影响:与对照相比,防虫网栽培均降低了土壤温度。重庆40目、50目和60目年平均土壤温度分别比对照降低0.22℃、0.33℃、0.92℃,晴天日平均温差分别比对照低5.05℃、4.94℃和5.89℃,雨天日平均温差分别比对照低0.88℃、0.87℃和0.91℃。经方差分析表明,各处理与对照之间土壤年平均温度、晴天和雨天土壤日平均温度以及温差均无显著性差异2、防虫网栽培对花期的影响防虫网栽培对朋娜脐橙的物候期无显著影响,40目和50目的始花期、盛花期、终花期和花期一致,除盛花期比对照早3d之外,其他指标无差异;60目防虫网处理的始花期和盛花期分别比对照早2d和5d,终花期迟2d,花期延长4d。3、防虫网栽培对脐橙新梢生长的影响防虫网栽培下朋娜脐橙新梢数量显著减少,但茎粗、节间长度和叶片数均显著增加。新梢数量较对照减少0.85枝,而茎粗、节间长度和叶片数分别增加3.63 cm、0.74 mm和0.77片,新梢长度与对照无显著差异(60目除外)。4、防虫网栽培对叶片的影响(1)对春梢叶片叶绿素含量的影响:防虫网内当年生春梢叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD值)均显著高于对照,40目、50目和60目叶片SPAD值分别为60.44、61.32和60.98,而对照仅为44.54。(2)对不同枝梢叶片叶绿素的影响:防虫网栽培均提高了叶片SPAD值,且秋梢叶营养枝叶结果枝叶。对于结果枝叶片,40目、50目、60目和对照SPAD值分别为78.92、79.54、80.78和77.65;而营养枝叶片相应SPAD值分别为82.41、82.98、85.23和80.94,秋梢叶片SPAD值分别为83.13、84.82、85.36和83.77。除60目营养枝SPAD值与对照有显著差异外,其余差异不显著。(3)对叶片厚度和叶面积的影响:防虫网栽培均使脐橙叶片厚度降低,叶片面积增加,且秋梢叶营养枝叶结果枝叶,但与对照均无显著差异。营养枝、结果枝和秋梢叶片厚度分别比对照降低0.003mm、0.005 mm和0.01 mm,叶面积分别增加127.70 mm2、199.82 mm2和570.26 mm2。5、防虫网栽培对光合作用的影响随防虫网目数的增加,朋娜脐橙叶片净光合速率显著降低。40目、50目、60目的净光合速率分别比对照(8.36μmol·m-2·s-1)降低了15.4%、22.9%和25.1%。6、防虫网栽培对产量的影响结果表明,重庆防虫网栽培显著降低了朋娜脐橙的产量。40目、50目、60目防虫网的产量分别比对照(36.0 kg)降低了22.0%、60.9%和75.1%;落果率分别比对照(21.5%)升高12.9%、125.3%和211.9%。江西赣南防虫网栽培显著降低了纽荷尔和龙回红的产量,产量分别比对照降低了23.5%和23.3%。7、防虫网栽培对果实品质的影响(1)对果实外在品质的影响:防虫网栽培对脐橙外在品质均无显著影响。朋娜脐橙单果重、皮厚、果实亮度和黄色度分别比对照增加0.8%~2.8%、1.1%~6.4%、1.0%~1.6%和0.7%~0.8%,红色度和果形指数分别比对照降低4.1%~10.8%和0.8%~3.1%;赣南纽荷尔脐橙单果重较对照分别增加28.9%,皮厚、果实亮度、红色度、黄色度和果形指数分别降低3.2%、0.5%、5.4%、0.7%和0.6%.(2)对果实内在品质的影响:总体来讲,防虫网栽培使脐橙的内在品质固形物(TSS)和固酸比(TSS/TA)有所降低,维生素C(Vc)和可滴定酸(TA)没有明显的变化规律,但均无显著差异。朋娜脐橙TSS、Vc和TSS/TA分别比对照降低1.7%~12.2%、5.2%~9.5%和6.6%~14.1%,可食率和TA较对照分别升高2.2%~2.8%和1.3%~4.3%;江西赣南纽荷尔TSS和TSS/TA分别比对照降低7.0%和9.9%,可食率、TA和Vc分别比对照增加1.1%、4.0%和2.0%。
[Abstract]:Huanglong disease is a major devastating disease in the global citrus industry. China was found early in Guangdong Chaoshan region, and then found the disease in 19 provinces and cities of Sichuan, Panzhihua, Jiangxi Ganzhou and Yunnan. At present, there is still no tangerine stock and variety that can completely resist Yellow Dragon disease. Therefore, it is an effective way to prevent and control the Yellow Dragon disease effectively. The production is mainly to kill the lice by spraying pesticide in the new shoot period. The number of spraying times is 12~20 times per year. In recent years, the citrus production area of Ganzhou in Jiangxi province and Panzhihua in Panzhihua of Sichuan Province have been small scale. The insect net is used to isolate the lice. This cultivation model can greatly reduce the number of spraying and save the labor force, and the production speed is very fast. However, there are few reports on the cultivation of Citrus insect proof net. This study takes the navel orange under three different ecological zones in Beibei, Jiangxi, Jiangxi and Panzhihua of Sichuan as experimental material. The main results were as follows: 1, the influence of the insect net cultivation on the environmental factors (1) on the canopy temperature of Citrus: the average temperature of the annual average mild sunny day was lower than that of the control, and the temperature difference between the sunny day and the rainy day was greater. For example, 40 orders and 50 orders in Chongqing. The average temperature of the 60 orders and the annual average temperature decreased by 0.11, 0.08 and 0.06, respectively, by 0.31, 0.23 and 0.23, and the average temperature 40 of the rainy day was 0.07 degrees lower than that of the control, while the average temperature difference between 50 and 60 orders was higher than that of the control, and the average temperature difference between the day and the day was lower than the control, respectively, and the daily average temperature difference was lower than the control, respectively. The average temperature difference was 0.21, 0.05 and 0.08 degrees lower than that of the control. The average annual temperature of 40 orders in southern Jiangxi and Sichuan Panzhihua was 0.58 and 0.01 lower than the control. The analysis of variance showed that there was no significant difference between the average temperature and the average temperature and the daily temperature and temperature difference between the treatments and the control. (2) the effect of the relative humidity on the citrus crown. The results showed that compared with the control, the relative humidity was higher than the control, and the sunny day was higher than the rain. The annual average relative humidity of Chongqing 40 orders, 50 orders and 60 orders was 1.26% higher than the control, 1.27% and 2.08%. Jiangxi Jiangxi and Sichuan Panzhihua annual average relative humidity was 1.06% higher than the control, respectively, and the analysis of variance analysis showed that each treatment and control were compared. There was no significant difference in relative humidity. (3) the effect on the light intensity of Citrus canopy: the light intensity decreased significantly compared with the photo ratio. The annual mean light intensity of Chongqing 40, 50 order and 60 orders decreased by 39.9%, 50.4% and 67.2%, respectively, in southern Jiangxi and Panzhihua, respectively, by 4.90% and 28.0%. (4) to citrus soil temperature, respectively. The average soil temperature of 40 orders, 50 orders and 60 orders in Chongqing decreased by 0.22, 0.33, 0.92, respectively, at 5.05, 4.94 and 5.89, respectively, at 4.94 and 5.89, respectively, and the average temperature difference was 0.88, 0.87 and 0.91, respectively lower than the control, respectively. The analysis showed that the annual average temperature of soil between the treatment and the control had no significant difference between the average temperature and the temperature difference between the sunny and the rainy days. The effect of insect net cultivation on the flowering period had no significant influence on the Phenophase of the navel orange. The flowering period, the flowering period, the final flowering period and the flowering period were the same, except for the flowering period ratio of the 40 order and 50 purposes. Compared with early 3D, there were no differences in other indexes. The initial flowering period and the flowering period of the 60 mesh insect resistant net treatment were 2D and 5D earlier than the control. The final flowering period was late 2D and the flowering period extended 4d.3. The number of new shoots of navel orange in the cultivation of navel orange shoots decreased significantly, but the stem diameter, the length of internode and the number of leaves increased significantly. The number of stems was reduced by 0.85 branches, while the stem diameter, internode length and number of leaves increased by 3.63 cm, 0.74 mm and 0.77 respectively. There was no significant difference between the length of the shoot and the control (except 60 orders),.4, the effect of the insect net cultivation on the leaf chlorophyll content (1): the chlorophyll content (SPAD value) of the leaves of the spring shoots was significantly higher in the insect net. In the control, the SPAD values of the leaves of 40 orders, 50 orders and 60 orders were 60.44,61.32 and 60.98 respectively, while the control was only 44.54. (2) on the chlorophyll of the leaves of different shoot shoots. The leaf SPAD value of the leaves was increased by the insect proof net cultivation, and the autumn shoot leaves were nutritious branches and leaves. For the result branches, 40 orders, 50 orders, 60 orders and the control SPAD values were 78.92,79.54,80.78 and 77, respectively. .65, while the corresponding SPAD values of the vegetative branches were 82.41,82.98,85.23 and 80.94, and the SPAD values of the autumn shoots were respectively 83.13,84.82,85.36 and 83.77., and the SPAD values of the vegetative branches of the 60 orders were not significant. (3) the effect on the leaf thickness and leaf area: the leaf thickness of the navel orange was reduced and the leaf area increased. In addition, there was no significant difference between the branches and leaves of the autumn shoots and leaves, but there was no significant difference between the leaves and the control. The vegetative branches and the leaf thickness of the result branches and autumn shoots decreased by 0.003mm, 0.005 mm and 0.01 mm respectively, and the leaf area increased by 127.70 mm2199.82 mm2 and 570.26 mm2.5 respectively. The net photosynthetic rate of leaves significantly decreased.40, 50 mesh and 60 net photosynthetic rate decreased by 15.4%, 22.9% and 25.1%.6 respectively compared with the control (8.36 Mu mol. M-2. S-1). The effect of insect proof net cultivation on yield showed that Chongqing insect net cultivation significantly reduced the yield.40, 50 orders, and 60 mesh insect nets (36 kg), respectively. The decrease of 22%, 60.9% and 75.1%, the increase of fruit dropping rate by 12.9%, 125.3% and 211.9%. in southern Jiangxi Province, the yield of new helper and dragon Hui red was significantly reduced, the yield was reduced by 23.5% and 23.3%.7, respectively, compared with the control, and the effect of insect net cultivation on fruit quality (1) on the external quality of fruit: insect resistant net cultivation The single fruit weight, skin thickness, fruit brightness and yellow degree of Punna navel orange increased 0.8%~2.8%, 1.1%~6.4%, 1.0%~1.6% and 0.7%~0.8% respectively, and the red and fruit shape index decreased 4.1%~10.8% and 0.8%~3.1% respectively compared with the control, and the single fruit weight of navel orange in South Jiangxi increased by 28.9%, skin thickness and fruit brightness respectively. The effect of red, yellow and fruit shape index decreased by 3.2%, 0.5%, 5.4%, 0.7% and 0.6%. (2) on the internal quality of fruit. In general, the internal quality solid (TSS) and solid acid ratio (TSS/TA) of navel orange were reduced, vitamin C (Vc) and titratable acid (TA) were not obviously changed, but no significant difference was found. Orange TSS, Vc and TSS/TA lower 1.7%~12.2%, 5.2%~9.5% and 6.6%~14.1% respectively than the control. The edible rate and TA increase respectively 2.2%~2.8% and 1.3%~4.3%, respectively, and the TSS and TSS/TA in southern Jiangxi, southern Jiangxi, were 7% and 9.9% lower than those of the control, respectively.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S666

【参考文献】