耕作方式对土壤主要理化性状及玉米产量形成的影响

发布时间：2018-06-12 06:35

本文选题：耕作方式 + 半干旱区　；参考：《黑龙江八一农垦大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：本研究针对松嫩平原半干旱区降雨少,且季节分配不均以及长期土壤耕作制度单一存在的土壤蓄水保墒的能力差,作物持续增产的受限等问题,研究探讨了旋耕垄作、旋耕平作、免耕及其与深松相互组合的方式,对土壤基本理化性状及玉米产量形成的影响,本试验在黑龙江八一农垦大学试验实习基地进行,供试玉米品种为先玉335,采用随机区组试验设计,研究了旋耕垄作(RT常规)、旋耕平作(FT)、免耕(NT)、旋耕垄作+深松(RTS)、旋耕平作+深松(FTS)、免耕+深松(NTS)6种耕作方式对松嫩平原半干旱区玉米田土壤养分、土壤基本物理性状、相关酶活性及玉米产量形成的影响,为筛选出适宜该地区气候条件和农田种植制度的最优低碳型耕作方式,提供依据和理论参考。并为旱作农田作物生产高效管理提供技术支持。主要研究结果如下:(1)未深松条件下,NT处理能够提高0~10 cm土层土壤含水量及蓄水量,但相比于RT和FT处理,土壤容重显著增加,孔隙度明显下降。结合深松处理后,RTS、FTS和NTS处理均有利于提高0~30 cm土层的土壤孔隙度、土壤含水量和土壤蓄水量,较RT、FT、NT处理增幅分别为14.31%~44.33%、0.98%~9.32%、2.80%~9.71%,并能够降低0~30 cm土层的土壤容重,下降幅度为0.78%~3.70%、0.68%~2.04%、0.69%~3.45%。(2)NT处理条件下,0~10 cm土壤有机质和全氮含量较对照RT处理分别增加6.03%、3.80%。结合深松处理后,RTS、FTS和NTS处理能够增加10~20 cm土层土壤有机质和全氮含量。未深松条件下,0~10 cm土层,NT处理土壤速效养分均较RT和FT处理相比有所增加。结合深松后,RTS、FTS处理10~30 cm土层土壤速效养分含量较对照RT和FT处理显著增加,其中,平均土壤碱解氮含量分别增加11.78%、11.13%;速效磷含量分别增加15.48%、13.26%;速效钾含量分别增加7.02%、6.31%。但结合深松后,NTS处理10~30cm土层的土壤速效养分含量均较NT、RT处理增加不明显。(3)未深松条件下,NT处理较FT和RT处理耕层土壤相关酶活性有所增加。结合深松后,RTS、FTS和NTS处理能够明显提高耕层土壤相关酶活性,与对照RT处理相比,土壤碱性磷酸酶活性增幅7.37%~10.58%,土壤蔗糖酶活性增幅15.38%~21.42%,土壤脲酶活性增幅12.97%~14.36%,土壤过氧化氢酶活性增幅2.51%~4.05%。深松后,RTS、FTS和NTS处理0~30cm土层土壤p H值均较对照RT处理有所下降,降幅为0.35%~2.01%。(4)结合深松后,RTS、FTS和NTS处理能够明显促进光合能力的提升,与对照RT相比,玉米叶面积指数增幅为4.61%~9.16,光合势增幅为8.09%~15.2%。同时,穗位叶叶绿素含量以FTS处理增量最大,较对照RT提高9.21%。不同耕作处理下玉米的干物质积累量随着生育进程的推进而不断增加。其中与对照RT相比,RTS、FTS和NTS处理干物质积累量增幅达3.86%~8.10%。此外,玉米的植株干物质转运量、玉米水分利用率、株高、成熟期植株养分吸收量也明显得到提高。(5)深松后,RTS、FTS和NTS处理玉米产量明显提高,其中FTS处理玉米产量最大(10725.66 kg·hm-2),比对照垄作增产9.80%。在6种耕作处理中,免耕处理产量最低(9354.61 kg·hm-2),较FTS和RT处理分别减产12.78%、7.33%。RTS、FTS和NTS处理的产量优势得益于穗数和穗粒数,其中FTS处理穗粒数增量最大,较RT处理增加9.07%。研究结果表明,在本试验条件下,FTS处理土壤0~30cm土层的土壤全氮;速效养分;土壤含水量;孔隙度;耕层土壤相关酶活性以及叶面积指数,干物质积累量,干物质转运能力均表现突出且增产效应最佳,为目前松嫩平原半干旱区玉米生产上较适宜的耕作方式。
[Abstract]:This study aims at the problems of low rainfall in the semi arid area of the Songnen Plain, the poor seasonal distribution and the poor ability of soil moisture conservation in the soil and the limitation of continuous crop yield increasing in a single long-term soil tillage system. The effect of maize yield formation was carried out in the experiment practice base of Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University. The tested maize varieties were first jade 335, and the random area group test was used to study the 6 kinds of tillage methods, namely, rotary tillage ridge (RT routine), rotary tillage flat cropping (FT), no tillage (NT), rotary tillage ridge + deep pine (RTS), horizontal cropland + deep pine (FTS), no tillage + deep pine (NTS). The effects of the soil nutrients, basic physical properties, related enzyme activities and the formation of Maize Yield in the semi arid region of Songnen Plain, provide the basis and theoretical reference for selecting the optimal low carbon cultivation mode suitable for the climate conditions and farmland planting system in this area, and provide technical support for the efficient management of crop production in dry farmland. The main results are as follows: (1) under the condition of unsoothing, NT treatment can improve soil water content and water storage in 0~10 cm soil layer, but compared to RT and FT treatment, soil bulk density increases significantly and porosity decreases obviously. After combined with deep pine treatment, RTS, FTS and NTS treatment are beneficial to improve soil porosity, soil moisture content and soil in 0~30 cm soil layer. The amount of water storage, compared with RT, FT and NT, was 14.31%~44.33%, 0.98%~9.32%, 2.80%~9.71%, and could reduce the soil bulk density of 0~30 cm soil layer, the decrease was 0.78%~3.70%, 0.68%~2.04%, 0.69%~3.45%. (2) NT treatment conditions, the soil organic matter and total nitrogen content increased by 6.03% respectively. FTS and NTS treatment could increase soil organic matter and total nitrogen content in 10~20 cm soil layer. Under 0~10 cm soil layer, NT treated soil available nutrients were increased compared with RT and FT treatment. After combined with deep pine, RTS, FTS treatment of 10~30 soil soil available nutrients increased significantly, among them, average soil alkaline solution. The content of nitrogen increased by 11.78%, 11.13%, the content of available phosphorus increased by 15.48%, 13.26%, and the content of available potassium increased by 7.02%, 6.31%. respectively, but after the combination of deep pine, the content of soil available nutrients in the soil layer of NTS treated 10~30cm was more than that of NT and RT treatment was not obvious. (3) under the condition of unsoak, the activity of related enzymes in the soils treated with FT and RT increased more than that of FT and RT. Addition. After combined with deep pine, RTS, FTS and NTS treatments could significantly increase the activity of soil related enzymes in the plough layer. Compared with the control RT treatment, the alkaline phosphatase activity of soil increased 7.37%~10.58%, the activity of soil invertase was 15.38%~21.42%, the soil urease activity was 12.97%~14.36%, the activity of Soil Catalase increased 2.51%~4.05%., RTS, FTS, and 2.51%~4.05%.. The P H value of NTS soil layer soil decreased slightly than that of the control RT treatment, and the decrease was 0.35%~2.01%. (4) combined with deep pine, RTS, FTS and NTS could obviously promote the enhancement of photosynthetic capacity. Compared with the control RT, the increase of leaf area index of maize was 4.61%~9.16, and the photosynthetic potential was at the same time, and the content of chlorophyll in the ear leaf was treated. The accumulation of dry matter in maize increased with the increase of 9.21%. in different tillage treatments than the control RT. Compared with the control RT, the accumulation of dry matter in RTS, FTS and NTS was increased to 3.86%~8.10%., the dry matter transport of maize, the maize water use rate, the plant height, and the mature plant breeding. (5) after deep loosening, the yield of Maize with RTS, FTS and NTS was obviously improved, and the yield of Maize Treated by FTS was the largest (10725.66 kg. Hm-2), and the yield of 9.80%. was increased by 6 tillage treatments than that of the control ridge. The yield of no tillage treatment was the lowest (9354.61 kg. Hm-2), and the yield of FTS and RT was reduced by 12.78%. The yield advantage benefited from the number of spikes and spikes, among which the increment of grain number in FTS was maximum, and the result of increasing 9.07%. compared with RT treatment showed that under the conditions of this experiment, FTS treated soil total nitrogen of soil 0~30cm soil layer, available nutrients, soil water content, porosity, soil related enzyme activity and leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, dry matter accumulation, dry matter accumulation, dry matter accumulation and dry matter accumulation. The material transfer capacity is outstanding and the yield increasing effect is the best. It is a suitable farming method for maize production in the semi arid area of Songnen Plain.
【学位授予单位】：黑龙江八一农垦大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S513

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