氮肥运筹对不同品种和播期油菜生长发育及产量的影响

发布时间：2018-06-19 20:58

本文选题：油菜 + 早中熟品种　；参考：《华中农业大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：合理的氮肥运筹方式有利于油菜的生长发育及产量,同时可高效利用肥料。本研究采用油菜早熟品种圣光127和中熟品种华油杂62为试验材料,在早晚二个播期条件下,设置不同的氮肥基肥比例和追施次数,研究氮肥运筹对油菜生育进程、个体生长发育、干物质积累与分配、产量和品质等的影响。主要结果如下:1.不同熟期油菜品种的生育天数圣光127的全生育期在早播时比华油杂62短4~5天,晚播时短9~10天。2.不同基肥比例对油菜生长发育及产量影响以两个不同熟期油菜品种为试验材料,按照基肥、苗肥、薹肥三次施肥时间,设置基肥比例为100%、60%、50%、40%等不同处理。油菜的株高、根颈粗等形态指标和地上部分干物质积累量均为5:2:3和4:3:3处理在收获期明显优于6:1:3处理。早播时,两个品种的最高产量均出现在4:3:3处理,达到2951 kg/hm~2和2748kg/hm~2;晚播时,则是5:2:3处理产量最高,分别为1698 kg/hm~2和1320 kg/hm~2。3.不同施肥次数对油菜的生长发育及产量影响按照基肥、苗肥、薹肥、花肥四次施肥时间,设置基肥比例为10:0:0:0、5:0:5:0、5:0:2:3、3:2:2:3等不同处理。株高、根颈粗等形态指标均为:一次施肥处理10:0:0:0在前期明显优于其他处理,但后劲不足,到达播种后110天左右增速减缓,而5:0:2:3处理和3:2:2:3处理在油菜开花至成熟期内生长增强。最终的个体发育状态为早播以四次施肥3:2:2:3处理最大,晚播以三次施肥5:0:2:3处理最好。早播时,两个品种的地上部分干物重最大值分别为3:2:2:3处理和5:0:2:3处理,达到36.27 g/株和34.37 g/株;晚播时同样为三次和四次施肥处理的值较大。油菜的产量受追肥次数的影响较大,增加施肥次数能在一定程度上提高产量,但不同品种与播期的表现有所不同。早播时,圣光127四个处理的产量分别为2145kg/hm~2,2578 kg/hm~2,2889 kg/hm~2和2960 kg/hm~2,华油杂62四个处理的产量分别为1600 kg/hm~2,2316 kg/hm~2,2556 kg/hm~2和2821 kg/hm~2,且处理之间的产量差异随追肥次数的增加呈现逐渐缩小的趋势;在晚播条件下,产量最高的处理则为三次施肥5:0:2:3处理,两个品种分别达到1698 kg/hm~2和1320 kg/hm~2,。对于产量构成因素而言,单株有效角果数和每角粒数对产量的贡献较大,各处理的千粒重没有显著差异。4.缓释氮肥和普通尿素对油菜产量影响以圣光127为试验材料,进行大田和盆栽试验,将缓释氮肥与普通尿素设置不同的基肥比例,其中盆栽试验的土壤养分含量相对较高。在大田试验中,缓释氮肥基施、普通尿素基施、不同尿素基追比为5:5的产量分别为1764 kg/hm~2,1652 kg/hm~2和2591 kg/hm~2;在盆栽试验中以上三个处理的单株籽粒产量分别为26.61 g/株,21.93 g/株和25.27 g/株,可见缓释氮肥基施效果明显好于普通尿素基施,另外在土壤养分含量较高的情况下,也在一定程度上优于尿素追肥处理,实现省力省工的目标。
[Abstract]:Reasonable nitrogen application is beneficial to the growth, development and yield of rapeseed, and the fertilizer can be used efficiently at the same time. In this study, the early maturing rapeseed variety Shengguang 127 and the middle maturing variety Huayuza 62 were used as the experimental materials. Under the condition of two sowing dates in the morning and evening, different nitrogen fertilizer ratio and topdressing times were set up to study the growth process of rapeseed by nitrogen fertilizer operation. Effects of individual growth, dry matter accumulation and distribution, yield and quality. The main results are as follows: 1. The growing days of different maturity rapeseed varieties Shengguang 127 were 4 ~ 5 days shorter than that of Huayuza 62 in early sowing and 9 ~ 10 days 路2 in late sowing. Effects of different Base Fertilizer ratios on growth and yield of Brassica napus (Brassica napus L.) two varieties of rapeseed at different maturing stage were used as experimental materials. According to the three fertilization times of basal fertilizer, seedling fertilizer and bolting fertilizer, the ratio of base fertilizer to 100% was set to be 100% and 50% and 40% respectively. The plant height, root neck diameter and dry matter accumulation of the above ground part of rape were 5:2:3 and 4:3:3, which were better than 6:1:3 treatment in harvest period. At early sowing, the highest yield of both cultivars appeared at 4:3:3, reaching 2951 kg/hm~2 and 2748 kg / hmm-2, while at 5:2:3 late sowing, the highest yield was 1698 kg/hm~2 and 1320 kg 路hmm-2, respectively. The effect of different fertilization times on the growth and yield of rapeseed was based on the four fertilization times of basal fertilizer, seedling fertilizer, bolting fertilizer and flower fertilizer. The ratio of basal fertilizer was 10: 0: 0: 0: 0 0: 5: 5: 0 0: 5 0: 2: 3: 3: 2: 2: 3 and so on. The plant height, root neck thickness and other morphological indexes were: 10: 0: 0: 0 at one time fertilization treatment was obviously superior to other treatments in the early stage, but the stamina was insufficient, and the growth rate of about 110 days after seeding slowed down, while the growth of rape increased in the period of flowering to maturity in the treatment of 5: 0: 2: 3 and 3: 2: 2: 3. The results showed that early sowing was the largest with 3: 2: 2: 3 treatment, while late sowing with 5: 0: 2: 3 treatment was the best. At early sowing, the maximum dry weight of aboveground part of the two cultivars was 3: 2: 2: 3 and 5: 0: 2: 3, which reached 36.27 g / plant and 34.37 g / plant respectively, and the value of three and four fertilization treatments at late sowing was higher. The yield of rape was greatly affected by the times of topdressing. Increasing the frequency of fertilization could improve the yield to a certain extent, but the performance of different varieties and sowing time was different. At early sowing, the yield of the four treatments was 2145kg / hmmc22578kg / hmmng ~ (2) kg/hm~2 and 2960 kg / hm ~ (-2), respectively, and the yield of Huayu 62 treatment was 1600 kg / hm ~ (-2) / kg / hm ~ (-1) ~ 22556 kg/hm~2 and 2821 kg / h ~ (-1) hmmt2, respectively, and the yield difference between the treatments showed a trend of decreasing with the increase of the number of fertilizer topdressing, and the yield of the four treatments was 1600 kg 路hm ~ (-1) ~ (-1) ~ (-1) ~ (-1) 路h ~ (-1) ~ (2), respectively. Under the condition of late sowing, the highest yield was three times fertilization of 5: 0: 2: 3, and the two varieties reached 1698 kg/hm~2 and 1320 kg / hm-2 路h ~ (-1), respectively. For yield components, the number of available pods per plant and the number of kernels per plant contributed significantly to the yield, and there was no significant difference in 1000-grain weight among the treatments. Effects of slow release nitrogen Fertilizer and Common Urea on rapeseed yield using Shengguang 127 as experimental material, field and pot experiments were carried out. Different basal fertilizer ratios were set between slow-release nitrogen fertilizer and common urea, among which the soil nutrient content in pot experiment was relatively high. In the field experiment, the yield of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer, common urea fertilizer and different urea ratio at 5:5 were 1764 kg / hm ~ (-2) kg/hm~2 and 2591 kg / hm ~ (-2), respectively, and the grain yield of each plant was 26.61 g / plant and 25.27 g / plant in pot experiment, respectively, in the pot experiment, the grain yield of the three treatments was 26.61 g / plant and 25.27 g / plant, and the grain yield of the three treatments was 26.61 g / plant and 25.27 g / plant, respectively. It can be seen that the effect of base application of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer is obviously better than that of common urea fertilizer. In addition, in the case of higher soil nutrient content, it is also better than urea topdressing treatment to achieve the goal of saving labor and labor.
【学位授予单位】：华中农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S565.4

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