南疆枣黑斑病流行因素分析及综合防治技术的研究

发布时间：2018-07-23 15:43

【摘要】：随着南疆红枣产业的迅猛发展,红枣黑斑病已成为影响红枣产量、品质和食品安全的主要因素。本试验采用孢子捕捉技术与田间调查相结合的方法研究了红枣黑斑病病源菌分生孢子日间扩散规律和空间分布规律及枣树不同生育期分生孢子流行动态;同时在红枣黑斑病发生高峰期调查了不同的栽培模式、修剪模式、灌水模式及不同土壤性状和不同品种对红枣黑斑病发生发生的影响,并结合4年来的气象资料研究了降雨量、均温等气候因素对红枣黑斑病的影响;进一步采用皿内毒力测定和田间药效防治试验研究了苯醚甲环唑、吡唑醚菌酯·代森联等环境友好型农药对枣黑斑病的防控作用,同时进行了生物诱抗剂0.5%几丁聚糖田间防控试验。这些研究成果为南疆枣黑斑病防治提供依据。研究结果如下:(1)枣黑斑病分生孢子日间扩散量在12:00至13:00间达到峰值;孢子空间分布主要集中在枣树的冠层及冠层以下;在枣树的生育期中,孢子流行呈现一定规律性,即展叶期很少,花期开始逐渐增多,盛花期达到最大量,以后随着花的减少分生孢子也相继减少,幼果期孢子数再次开始呈上升趋势,果实膨大后期分生孢子量达最大值。(2)不同的株行配置、夏季修剪时期、灌溉模式、土质、品种及气候条件均影响枣黑斑病的发生。调查发现,枣园株行距为1*1.5 m和1*0.75 m宽窄行的枣果病果率高于1*1.5 m和3*2 m株行距,3*2 m株行距病果率最低;夏季修剪时期决定枣开花座果时间,同时对枣黑斑病发生有一定影响,5月下旬开花座果的枣园病果率大于6月下旬和7月上旬座果的枣园病果率;大水灌溉枣园的病果率大于滴灌枣园;粘质土壤的果园病果率大于沙性土壤;南疆种植的3个枣品种中,骏枣抗病性最差,发病重,其次是金昌,灰枣的抗病性较强发病轻;降雨量、均温等气候因素对红枣黑斑病发生的影响最大,9月和10月份温差大、降雨量大是导致其病害发生严重的主要诱因。(3)皿内毒力测定结果表明:不同药剂对黑斑病菌的抑制作用不同。其中,10%苯醚甲环唑WG对黑斑病菌菌丝生长具有较强的抑制活性,其次45%吡唑醚菌酯EC和60%吡唑醚菌酯·代森联WG,对照药剂80%多菌灵WP抑制作用最差,明显低于其他药剂;田间药效防治试验中表明:10%苯醚甲环唑WG田间防治效果最好,优于45%吡唑醚菌酯EC、60%吡唑醚菌酯·代森联WG和对照试剂80%多菌灵WP。(4)0.5%几丁聚糖田间防效试验结果表明:0.5%几丁聚糖对黑斑病害的控制作用高于化学药剂的防治,且对红枣安全,没有药害、不伤花、不伤果。(5)在前期研究基础上集成了枣黑斑病综合防治技术体系,提出了以选用抗病品种为主,清洁枣园、栽培防病、生物防治和化学防治为辅的综合防治策略。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of red jujube industry in South Xinjiang, black spot of red jujube has become the main factor affecting the yield, quality and food safety of red jujube. In this experiment, spore capture technique and field investigation were used to study the distribution and distribution of conidia in different growth stages of jujube black spot pathogen, and the trend of conidia prevalence in different growth stages of jujube. At the same time, the effects of different cultivation model, pruning model, irrigation model and different soil characters and varieties on the occurrence of black spot of jujube were investigated at the peak period of occurrence of black spot of red jujube, and the rainfall was studied with meteorological data in the past 4 years. The effects of climate factors such as mean temperature on black spot of jujube were studied, and the control effects of environmental friendly pesticides, such as diphenyl ether triazole and pyrazole ester, on jujube black spot disease, were further studied by in-dish virulence test and field efficacy control experiment, and the control effects of environmental friendly pesticides, such as diphenyl ether, pyrazole bacteria ester and so on, on jujube black spot disease were studied. At the same time, the field control experiment of 0.5% chitosan was carried out. These results provide basis for the prevention and control of black spot of South Xinjiang jujube. The results are as follows: (1) the diurnal diffusivity of conidia of jujube black spot reached its peak between 12:00 and 13:00, the spatial distribution of spores was mainly concentrated in the canopy and below the canopy of jujube, and the spore prevalence was regular during the growing period of jujube. That is to say, the number of conidia decreased with the decrease of flowers, and the number of spores in young fruit stage began to increase again. (2) different plant arrangement, summer pruning period, irrigation pattern, soil quality, variety and climatic conditions all affect the occurrence of jujube black spot. It was found that the rate of fruit disease in jujube orchard with a row spacing of 1 1. 5 m and 1 0. 75 m wide and narrow was higher than that of 1 1. 5 m and 3 0. 2 m, and the rate of fruit disease was the lowest in the period of summer pruning, and the time of flowering and fruit setting was determined by the period of pruning in summer. At the same time, the incidence of jujube black spot was affected, the rate of fruit disease in jujube orchard in late May was higher than that in jujube orchard in late June and in the first ten days of July, the rate of diseased fruit in irrigated jujube orchard was higher than that in drip irrigation jujube orchard. The fruit disease rate of orchard in clay soil was higher than that in sandy soil, among the three jujube varieties planted in south Xinjiang, the disease resistance of Jun jujube was the worst, the disease was serious, the next was Jinchang, the disease resistance of gray jujube was light, the rainfall, Climate factors such as mean temperature had the greatest influence on the occurrence of black spot of jujube, and the temperature difference between September and October was great. Heavy rainfall is the main cause of the disease. (3) the results of intradish virulence test showed that the inhibition effect of different insecticides on black spot fungus was different. Among them, 10% triacyclozole WG had strong inhibitory activity on mycelium growth, followed by 45% pyrazole EC and 60% pyrazole fungicide to substitute WGWG.The control group 80% carbendazim WP had the worst inhibitory effect, which was significantly lower than that of other fungicides. The field control experiment showed that the control effect of 10% diphenyl ether triazole WG was the best in the field. The results showed that the control effect of 0.5% chitosan on black spot disease was higher than that of chemical agent, and the control effect of 0.5% chitosan was higher than that of chemical agent, and it was safe to red jujube, and the control effect was better than that of 45% pyrazolyl ether ester and 80% carbendazim WP.The results showed that the control effect of 0.5% chitosan on black spot disease was higher than that of chemical agent, and it was safe to red jujube. (5) based on the previous research, the comprehensive control technology system of jujube black spot disease was integrated, and it was put forward that the main disease resistance varieties should be selected to clean the jujube orchard, and to cultivate and prevent the disease. Comprehensive control strategy of biological control and chemical control.
【学位授予单位】：塔里木大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S436.65

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