不同树形和修剪强度对锥栗生长和结果的影响
发布时间：2018-07-24 09:14
【摘要】：锥栗(Castanea henryi(skan)Rehd.et Wils.)是中国南方重要的木本粮食树种。由于其具有喜光、发枝力和顶端优势强等特点,进入盛果期后,极易造成结果部位外移而内膛空虚的现象,从而降低果实产量和品质。为探讨锥栗树体适宜的树形和合理的修剪强度,本文以'华栗3号'锥栗为试验材料,通过田间试验、果实理化分析和数理统计等方法,系统研究了锥栗3种主要树形(小冠疏层形、自然圆头形、开心形)冠层的枝量及枝类组成、相对光照强度、叶片质量、果实产量和品质等指标,筛选出最优树形;并通过对最优树形进行不同修剪强度(轻度修剪、中度修剪、重度修剪和不修剪)的对比试验,研究了锥栗不同修剪强度对树体枝类生长特性、叶片生理、光能利用、产量及品质的影响,旨在为锥栗整形修剪和栽培管理提供理论依据,具体研究结果如下:1.不同树形对锥栗生长的影响存在差异。3种树形的长、中、短枝的比例变化不大,均以短枝为主,短枝比例分别占73.06%(小冠疏层形)、70.81%(自然圆头形)和66.47%(开心形)。开心形整体光照条件良好,各层光照分布均匀一致,无效光区比例最低,为27.78%,枝量主要集中在树冠中、上层,分别占全树的45.52%和36.04%;自然圆头形树冠光照相对较差,各层光照分布不均匀,无效光区比例最高,为36.11%,枝量主要集中在中、下层,分别占全树的34.96%和40.11%。开心形树冠上层叶片的比叶重最大为15.77 mg·cm-2,显著高于自然圆头形和小冠疏层形,而自然圆头形树冠中下层的SPAD值显著高于开心形和小冠疏层形。开心形的叶片Ca含量最高为32.6 mg·g-1,显著高于自然圆头形,但与小冠疏层形差异不显著,自然圆头形的叶片N含量与K含量最高,分别为1.96%和0.55%,显著高于小冠疏层形,但与开心形差异不显著。由此可知,开心形树形枝量分布合理,叶片质量和整体光照条件好,有利于树体生长发育。2.不同树形对锥栗的结果有显著影响。开心形结果部位主要集中在光照条件较好的中、上部位,占单株产量的69.48%,而自然圆头形和小冠疏层形的结果部位集中位于相对光照强度急剧下降的下部。开心形和自然圆头形的单株产量差异不显著,但均显著高于小冠疏层形。在同一冠层,开心形锥栗的单粒质量均显著高于小冠疏层形和自然圆头形。开心形树冠下层果实的可溶性糖含量、还原性糖含量和淀粉含量分别为6.92%、0.62%和60.56%,均显著高于小冠疏层形和自然圆头形。由此可知,开心形树形不仅果实品质好,而且产量稳定。3.不同修剪强度对锥栗生长的影响差异显著。随着修剪强度的增大,结果枝长度和粗度呈增加趋势,而重度修剪与中度修剪处理的果前梢长度/结果枝长度分别较对照降低了 28.19%和36.94%,长枝和短枝所占比例呈增加趋势,单株总枝数在一定程度上呈增大趋势,但重度修剪单株总枝量较对照降低了 11.49%。重度修剪、中度修剪和轻度修剪与对照相比均明显改善树冠内的光照条件,重度修剪、中度修剪、轻度修剪冠层内相对光照强度大于30%的分别占86.11%、80.56%和75.00%。中度修剪叶片质量综合效果最好,在冠层上部,其单叶面积最大为72.92 cm2,比对照增加了 18.38%;在树冠中部和下部,叶片厚度均显著大于轻度修剪和对照处理;中度修剪的冠层下部叶片SPAD值分别较重度修剪、轻度修剪和对照增加4.27%、8.05%和8.29%。中度修剪处理显著提高了叶片中N、P、K和Ca含量,但中度修剪与重度修剪Ca含量差异不显著,重度修剪叶片Ca含量最高为35.56 mg·g-1。在果实成熟期,重度修剪、中度修剪、轻度修剪处理叶片SOD活性最高,分别较对照提高了 14.49%、7.97%、2.17%。中度修剪的冠层上部叶片的净光合速率为12.85 μmol·m-2·s-1、蒸腾速率为3.75 mmol·m-2·s-1和气孔导度为0.18 mmol·m-2·s-1,都是最高,较对照分别增加了 20.3%、12.3%和20.0%;重度修剪冠层上部胞间CO2浓度较对照处理降低了 2.32%。锥栗不同修剪强度的光合参数差异显著,中度修剪锥栗树体叶片的最大光合速率、光饱和点和羧化效率显著高于其他处理,而光补偿点和暗呼吸速率显著低于其他处理。由此可知,中度修剪可有效增加树体枝量、扩大树冠,改善树冠内的光照条件,提高树体冠层的叶片质量。4.不同修剪强度对锥栗结果的影响有显著差异。不同修剪强度处理中,中度修剪单株产量最高为10.25 kg,其次是轻度修剪和重度修剪,分别为9.29 kg和9.40 kg,而对照产量最少,为8.47 kg;重度修剪在树冠中层和上层的单粒质量和淀粉含量显著高于轻度修剪和对照,且含水量显著低于轻度修剪和对照,中度修剪和重度修剪的可溶性糖和还原性糖含量显著高于轻度修剪和对照。由此可知,中度修剪树体产量高,果实品质表现良好。综上所述,锥栗整形修剪最适宜的树形为开心形,中度修剪为锥栗树体结果期最适宜的修剪强度。
[Abstract]:Castanea henryi (skan) Rehd.et Wils. is an important woody grain tree species in the south of China. Because of its characteristics of bright light, twig and top advantage, after entering the fruit period, it is very easy to cause the result parts to move outside and empty the inner bore, thus reducing the yield and quality of the fruit. The pruning strength of "Hua chestnut No. 3" was used as a test material. Through field experiments, physical and chemical analysis and mathematical statistics, the branches and branches of 3 main trees of Chestnut (small crowns, natural round head and happy) were systematically studied, and the intensity of light, leaf quality, fruit yield and quality were screened. The optimal tree shape was selected and the effects of different pruning intensities (mild pruning, moderate pruning, severe pruning and unpruning) on the growth characteristics, leaf physiology, light energy utilization, yield and quality of the tree were studied by the comparison of the optimal tree pruning strength (mild pruning, moderate pruning, severe pruning and unpruning). The aim was to provide a rational pruning and cultivation management for chestnut. The specific research results are as follows: 1. the effects of different tree forms on the growth of chestnut growth are different in the length of.3 species, in which the proportion of short branches varies little, both are mainly short branches, the proportion of short branches is 73.06% (small crown sparse layer), 70.81% (NATURAL round head) and 66.47% (happy). The proportion of the ineffective light area is the lowest, 27.78%, the branch quantity mainly concentrated in the tree crown, the upper layer accounts for 45.52% and 36.04% of the whole tree, and the natural round head tree crown photography is poor, the light distribution of each layer is not uniform, the ratio of the invalid light area is the highest, 36.11%, the branches are mainly in the middle and lower layers, accounting for 34.96% and 40.11%. happy trees of the whole tree. The maximum specific leaf weight of the upper canopy was 15.77 mg. Cm-2, which was significantly higher than that of the natural round head and the small crown sparse layer, while the SPAD value in the lower layer of the natural round head was significantly higher than that of the happy and small crowns. The content of Ca in the happy leaves was 32.6 mg. G-1, which was significantly higher than that of the natural round head, but there was no significant difference between the leaves of the small crown and the small crown. The contents of N and K in the round head are 1.96% and 0.55%, respectively, which are 1.96% and 0.55% respectively, which are significantly higher than those of the small crowns, but there is no significant difference from the happy shape. Therefore, the distribution of the branches of the trees is reasonable, the quality of the leaves and the whole light condition are good, which is beneficial to the growth and development of the tree. The result of the tree shape has a significant effect on the result of the chestnut. The part mainly concentrated in the better light conditions, the upper part of which accounted for 69.48% of the yield of the single plant, while the natural round head and the small crowns were concentrated in the lower part of the relative light intensity. The yield differences between the happy and natural round head were not significant, but all were significantly higher than those of the small crowns. The single grain quality of chestnut was significantly higher than that of the small crown and the natural round head. The soluble sugar content, the reducing sugar content and the starch content were 6.92%, 0.62% and 60.56%, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of the small crowns and the natural round head. The effect of different pruning strength of.3. on the growth of chestnut was significant. With the increase of the pruning strength, the length and coarseness of the branches increased, while the length of the shoot and the result branch length of severe pruning and moderate pruning decreased by 28.19% and 36.94%, respectively, and the proportion of long branches and short branches increased, and the number of total branches of single plant was increased. To a certain extent, it showed an increasing trend, but the total branch quantity of single plant in severe pruning decreased 11.49%. severe pruning compared with the control. Moderate pruning and mild pruning significantly improved the light conditions in the crown of the tree. Severe pruning, moderate pruning, and mild pruning canopy relative light intensity greater than 30% were 86.11%, 80.56% and 75.00%. respectively. In the upper part of the crown, the maximum single leaf area was 72.92 cm2, and 18.38% more than the control. In the middle and lower part of the crown, the leaf thickness was significantly greater than the mild pruning and the control treatment. The moderate pruning lower leaf SPAD value was 4.27%, 8.05% and 4.27%, 8.05%, respectively. Moderate pruning of 8.29%. significantly increased the content of N, P, K and Ca in leaves, but there was no significant difference in Ca content between moderate pruning and severe pruning. The highest Ca content in severe pruning leaves was 35.56 mg. G-1. at fruit maturity, severe pruning, moderate pruning, and mild pruning, the highest activity of SOD was 14.49%, 7.97%, and 2.17%. compared with the control. The net photosynthetic rate of the upper leaves of moderate pruning is 12.85 mol. M-2. S-1. The transpiration rate is 3.75 mmol. M-2. S-1 and the stomatal conductance is 0.18 mmol. M-2. S-1, which are both 20.3%, 12.3% and 20%, respectively. The concentration of the upper intercellular CO2 in the severe pruning canopy is lower than that of the control. The maximum photosynthetic rate, the maximum photosynthetic rate, the light saturation point and the carboxylation efficiency were significantly higher than the other treatments, and the light compensation point and the dark respiration rate were significantly lower than those of other treatments. The effect of different pruning intensities on the results of chestnut with different pruning strength of the body crown was significant. In the treatment of different prunes, the highest yield per plant was 10.25 kg, followed by mild pruning and severe pruning, 9.29 kg and 9.40 kg respectively, while the control yield was least, 8.47 kg, and heavy pruning in the middle and upper layer of the crown of the tree. Quality and starch content were significantly higher than mild pruning and control, and water content was significantly lower than mild pruning and control. Moderate pruning and severely trimmed sugar and reductive sugar content were significantly higher than those of mild pruning and control. The suitable tree shape is the happy shape, and the moderate pruning is the most suitable pruning intensity for the fruiting stage of Castanea henryi.
【学位授予单位】：中南林业科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S792.17
，
本文编号：2140907
[Abstract]:Castanea henryi (skan) Rehd.et Wils. is an important woody grain tree species in the south of China. Because of its characteristics of bright light, twig and top advantage, after entering the fruit period, it is very easy to cause the result parts to move outside and empty the inner bore, thus reducing the yield and quality of the fruit. The pruning strength of "Hua chestnut No. 3" was used as a test material. Through field experiments, physical and chemical analysis and mathematical statistics, the branches and branches of 3 main trees of Chestnut (small crowns, natural round head and happy) were systematically studied, and the intensity of light, leaf quality, fruit yield and quality were screened. The optimal tree shape was selected and the effects of different pruning intensities (mild pruning, moderate pruning, severe pruning and unpruning) on the growth characteristics, leaf physiology, light energy utilization, yield and quality of the tree were studied by the comparison of the optimal tree pruning strength (mild pruning, moderate pruning, severe pruning and unpruning). The aim was to provide a rational pruning and cultivation management for chestnut. The specific research results are as follows: 1. the effects of different tree forms on the growth of chestnut growth are different in the length of.3 species, in which the proportion of short branches varies little, both are mainly short branches, the proportion of short branches is 73.06% (small crown sparse layer), 70.81% (NATURAL round head) and 66.47% (happy). The proportion of the ineffective light area is the lowest, 27.78%, the branch quantity mainly concentrated in the tree crown, the upper layer accounts for 45.52% and 36.04% of the whole tree, and the natural round head tree crown photography is poor, the light distribution of each layer is not uniform, the ratio of the invalid light area is the highest, 36.11%, the branches are mainly in the middle and lower layers, accounting for 34.96% and 40.11%. happy trees of the whole tree. The maximum specific leaf weight of the upper canopy was 15.77 mg. Cm-2, which was significantly higher than that of the natural round head and the small crown sparse layer, while the SPAD value in the lower layer of the natural round head was significantly higher than that of the happy and small crowns. The content of Ca in the happy leaves was 32.6 mg. G-1, which was significantly higher than that of the natural round head, but there was no significant difference between the leaves of the small crown and the small crown. The contents of N and K in the round head are 1.96% and 0.55%, respectively, which are 1.96% and 0.55% respectively, which are significantly higher than those of the small crowns, but there is no significant difference from the happy shape. Therefore, the distribution of the branches of the trees is reasonable, the quality of the leaves and the whole light condition are good, which is beneficial to the growth and development of the tree. The result of the tree shape has a significant effect on the result of the chestnut. The part mainly concentrated in the better light conditions, the upper part of which accounted for 69.48% of the yield of the single plant, while the natural round head and the small crowns were concentrated in the lower part of the relative light intensity. The yield differences between the happy and natural round head were not significant, but all were significantly higher than those of the small crowns. The single grain quality of chestnut was significantly higher than that of the small crown and the natural round head. The soluble sugar content, the reducing sugar content and the starch content were 6.92%, 0.62% and 60.56%, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of the small crowns and the natural round head. The effect of different pruning strength of.3. on the growth of chestnut was significant. With the increase of the pruning strength, the length and coarseness of the branches increased, while the length of the shoot and the result branch length of severe pruning and moderate pruning decreased by 28.19% and 36.94%, respectively, and the proportion of long branches and short branches increased, and the number of total branches of single plant was increased. To a certain extent, it showed an increasing trend, but the total branch quantity of single plant in severe pruning decreased 11.49%. severe pruning compared with the control. Moderate pruning and mild pruning significantly improved the light conditions in the crown of the tree. Severe pruning, moderate pruning, and mild pruning canopy relative light intensity greater than 30% were 86.11%, 80.56% and 75.00%. respectively. In the upper part of the crown, the maximum single leaf area was 72.92 cm2, and 18.38% more than the control. In the middle and lower part of the crown, the leaf thickness was significantly greater than the mild pruning and the control treatment. The moderate pruning lower leaf SPAD value was 4.27%, 8.05% and 4.27%, 8.05%, respectively. Moderate pruning of 8.29%. significantly increased the content of N, P, K and Ca in leaves, but there was no significant difference in Ca content between moderate pruning and severe pruning. The highest Ca content in severe pruning leaves was 35.56 mg. G-1. at fruit maturity, severe pruning, moderate pruning, and mild pruning, the highest activity of SOD was 14.49%, 7.97%, and 2.17%. compared with the control. The net photosynthetic rate of the upper leaves of moderate pruning is 12.85 mol. M-2. S-1. The transpiration rate is 3.75 mmol. M-2. S-1 and the stomatal conductance is 0.18 mmol. M-2. S-1, which are both 20.3%, 12.3% and 20%, respectively. The concentration of the upper intercellular CO2 in the severe pruning canopy is lower than that of the control. The maximum photosynthetic rate, the maximum photosynthetic rate, the light saturation point and the carboxylation efficiency were significantly higher than the other treatments, and the light compensation point and the dark respiration rate were significantly lower than those of other treatments. The effect of different pruning intensities on the results of chestnut with different pruning strength of the body crown was significant. In the treatment of different prunes, the highest yield per plant was 10.25 kg, followed by mild pruning and severe pruning, 9.29 kg and 9.40 kg respectively, while the control yield was least, 8.47 kg, and heavy pruning in the middle and upper layer of the crown of the tree. Quality and starch content were significantly higher than mild pruning and control, and water content was significantly lower than mild pruning and control. Moderate pruning and severely trimmed sugar and reductive sugar content were significantly higher than those of mild pruning and control. The suitable tree shape is the happy shape, and the moderate pruning is the most suitable pruning intensity for the fruiting stage of Castanea henryi.
【学位授予单位】：中南林业科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S792.17
，
本文编号：2140907
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