适合生态公益林经营的药用植物和栽培模式评价研究
发布时间：2018-08-27 19:51
【摘要】：‘林药’是我国南方集体林区主要的非木质林产品之一,在区域制药业及乡村经济发展过程中,起积极的推动作用。药用植物经营,是支撑林药发展的基础,也是推动退化生态公益林改造和利用的动力。适宜的林-药栽培模式则是林药种植和生态公益林改造的主要经营措施。为筛选适宜在以杉木为主的生态公益林中种植和生长的药用植物和高效的林药立体栽培模式,本文选择南方地区常见的11种药用植物,在广东省惠东县国营梁化林场,建立药用植物选择试验,构建多种林-药立体栽培模式,从生长、光合特性、土壤理化特征、药用活性物质含量、微生物群落结构特征等方面进行分析,开展综合评价研究选出优良的药用植物,提出适宜的复合栽培模式,旨在为生态公益林的改造、林下经济的发展与可持续经营提供科学依据。主要研究结果如下:(1)参试的8种药用植物中,除土沉香外,其余的7种药用植物成活率均在85%以上,保存率在50%以上。高生长方面,胆木最快,草豆蔻次之,红豆杉和土沉香生长较缓慢。虫害方面,土沉香受害最严重,受害率达到40%,主要受黄野螟的危害。不同药用植物的光合气体交换参数,净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和水分利用效率(WUE)差异显著(P0.05),其中Pn以草豆蔻最大,Tr和Gs以裸花紫珠最大,Ci以梅叶冬青最大。WUE测定值变化范围在1.42~8.11之间,以草豆蔻最大。叶绿素荧光参数方面,药用植物间差异显著(P0.05),其中最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)值均分布在0.75左右,以红豆杉最大,金花茶最小;实际量子产量(Yield)值除了草豆蔻外,其余均大于0.65,其中红豆杉最大,土沉香次之。药用植物叶片PSII潜在活性(Fv/Fo)值变化在2.87~3.37之间,以红豆杉最大,金花茶最小。8种药用植物均能显著(P0.05)改善表层土壤物理性质和养分含量,其中土壤质量含水量、田间持水量、毛管孔隙度以胆木和梅叶冬青改良效果为佳。土壤pH和有效磷含量以裸花紫珠最高,土壤有机质、有效氮、速效钾、全钾、和全磷以草豆蔻最高,土壤全氮含量胆木含量最高。阳离子交换量以金花茶含量最高。8种药用植物综合排序为,草豆蔻梅叶冬青胆木红豆杉石笔木裸花紫珠土沉香金花茶。(2)林下光环境对药用植物活性物质含量影响显著(P0.05)。在透光率10%~20%的光环境下,胆木叶片中异长春花苷内酰胺含量最高,30%~40环境下总黄酮和总糖含量高。透光率50~60%环境下,梅叶冬青枝叶中茶多酚含量最高。裸花紫珠叶片中黄酮和总糖含量在透光率50%~60%光环境下最高,而70%~80%透光率下,总酚酸含量最高。为了获得高质量的药材,应将胆木种植于透光度较低(20%~30%)的环境条件下;梅叶冬青适合种植于疏林、透光率适中(50%~60%)的环境条件下;裸花紫珠则适合种植在较高透光率环境条件下(60~70%)。(3)林药立体栽培可明显提高生态公益林表层土壤的综合质量,其中SM(杉木+梅叶冬青)模式对土壤质量含水量、毛管持水量、田间持水量、毛管孔隙度、土壤容重的改良效果最佳;SD(杉木+胆木)模式对土壤总孔隙和全磷含量提升最大;SMC(杉木+梅叶冬青+草珊瑚)模式对土壤有机质、全氮、有效氮、速效钾、交换性钙、阳离子交换量、脲酶和多酚氧化酶活性的改良效果最佳,全钾含量以模式SMG(杉木+梅叶冬青+广金钱草)最高。有效磷和交换性镁含量及酸性磷酸酶的活性以模式SMA(杉木+梅叶冬青+艾纳香)最高。各林药立体栽培模式对土壤质量改良效果排序为,模式SMC模式SMG模式SD模式SM模式SMA模式SDG(杉木+胆木+广金钱草)模式SDA(杉木+胆木+艾纳香)模式SDC(杉木+胆木+草珊瑚)CK(纯林对照)。(4)不同草本药用植物根际土壤酶活性差异显著(P0.05)。从根际土壤中,检测出28种特征性磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)生物标记,且不同处理间单一磷脂脂肪酸含量差异显著(P0.05)。各处理土壤微生物组成均以细菌为主,占微生物总PLFA含量的67.9%~84.6%,真菌和放线菌次之,约占4.0%~13.0%,原生动物含量最低,小于1%。与对照相比,不同林药立体模式中草本药用植物根际土壤的各类型微生物PLFA含量显著(P0.05)增加,微生物总量、细菌、真菌、放线菌、原生动物的PLFA含量均以SMC模式最高,此外,林药立体经营模式显著提高根际土壤中真菌/细菌、革兰氏阴性细菌/阳性细菌的比值以及土壤微生物群落多样性指数。从土壤微生物特性来看,林药立体种植能提高根际土壤酶活性,改善微生物群落结构,提高土壤质量,以SMC模式最优。
[Abstract]:"Forest medicine" is one of the main non-woody forest products in the collective forest areas of southern China. It plays an active role in promoting the development of regional pharmaceutical industry and rural economy. In order to select suitable medicinal plants for planting and growing in the ecological public welfare forest dominated by Chinese fir and efficient three-dimensional cultivation model of forest medicinal plants, 11 species of medicinal plants common in southern China were selected to establish a selection experiment of medicinal plants in the state-owned Lianghua forest farm of Huidong County, Guangdong Province. Various three-dimensional cultivation models of forest and medicine were analyzed from the aspects of growth, photosynthetic characteristics, soil physical and chemical characteristics, content of medicinal active substances, and structure characteristics of microbial community. The excellent medicinal plants were selected through comprehensive evaluation and study. The suitable compound cultivation model was put forward for the transformation of ecological public welfare forest, the development and Sustainability of undergrowth economy. The main results are as follows: (1) The survival rate and the preservation rate of the other seven medicinal plants were all above 85% and 50% except for L. tuberosum, which was the fastest in the high growth, followed by C. cardamom, and slower in the growth of Taxus chinensis and L. tuberosum. The photosynthetic gas exchange parameters, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and water use efficiency (WUE) of different medicinal plants were significantly different (P The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were significantly different among medicinal plants (P Potential activity of PSII (Fv/Fo) of medicinal plant leaves ranged from 2.87 to 3.37, and that of Taxus chinensis was the largest and that of Camellia japonica was the smallest. Soil pH and available phosphorus content were the highest in Violet nudiflora, soil organic matter, available nitrogen, available potassium, total potassium, and total phosphorus in Myristica cardamom, the highest in total nitrogen content in soil, the highest in biliary tree content in soil. Cation exchange capacity was the highest in Camellia japonica. The content of total flavonoids and sugars in leaves was the highest in the light transmittance of 10%~20%, and the content of total flavonoids and sugars was the highest in the light transmittance of 30%~40. The content of tea polyphenols in leaves and branches of Ilex plum was the highest in the light transmittance of 50%~60%. The content of flavonoids and total sugar in the tablets was the highest under 50%~60% light transmittance, while the content of total phenolic acid was the highest under 70%~80% light transmittance. (3) Three-dimensional cultivation of forest medicines could significantly improve the comprehensive quality of the surface soil of the ecological public welfare forest, in which SM (Chinese fir + Ilex plum) model had the best effect on soil water content, capillary water holding capacity, field water holding capacity, capillary porosity and soil bulk density. SMC (Cunninghamia lanceolata + Ilex pluvialis + Grass Coral) had the best effect on improving soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available potassium, exchangeable calcium, cation exchange capacity, urease and polyphenol oxidase activity, and SMG (Cunninghamia lanceolata + Ilex pluvialis + L. grandiflora) had the highest total potassium content. The highest content of sexual magnesium and activity of acid phosphatase was SMA (Chinese fir + Ilex pluvialis + Aina fragrant). The effect of three-dimensional cultivation mode on soil quality improvement was as follows: SMC mode, SMG mode, SMA mode, SDG (Chinese fir + biliary tree + agaricus) mode, SDA (Chinese fir + biliary tree + Aina fragrant) mode, SDC (Chinese fir + biliary tree + grass) mode. Coral CK (pure forest control). (4) The activity of soil enzyme in rhizosphere of different herbaceous medicinal plants was significantly different (P 0.05). 28 characteristic phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) biomarkers were detected in rhizosphere soil, and the content of single phospholipid fatty acids was significantly different among different treatments (P 0.05). The microbial composition of soil was dominated by bacteria, accounting for the total PLFA of microorganisms. The content of PLFA in rhizosphere soil of herbaceous medicinal plants increased significantly (P 0.05), and the total amount of microorganisms, bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and protozoa were all in SMC mode. In addition, the ratio of fungi/bacteria, gram-negative bacteria/positive bacteria and diversity index of soil microbial community in rhizosphere soil were significantly increased by the three-dimensional management model of forest medicines. The MC mode is optimal.
【学位授予单位】：中国林业科学研究院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S759.82
[Abstract]:"Forest medicine" is one of the main non-woody forest products in the collective forest areas of southern China. It plays an active role in promoting the development of regional pharmaceutical industry and rural economy. In order to select suitable medicinal plants for planting and growing in the ecological public welfare forest dominated by Chinese fir and efficient three-dimensional cultivation model of forest medicinal plants, 11 species of medicinal plants common in southern China were selected to establish a selection experiment of medicinal plants in the state-owned Lianghua forest farm of Huidong County, Guangdong Province. Various three-dimensional cultivation models of forest and medicine were analyzed from the aspects of growth, photosynthetic characteristics, soil physical and chemical characteristics, content of medicinal active substances, and structure characteristics of microbial community. The excellent medicinal plants were selected through comprehensive evaluation and study. The suitable compound cultivation model was put forward for the transformation of ecological public welfare forest, the development and Sustainability of undergrowth economy. The main results are as follows: (1) The survival rate and the preservation rate of the other seven medicinal plants were all above 85% and 50% except for L. tuberosum, which was the fastest in the high growth, followed by C. cardamom, and slower in the growth of Taxus chinensis and L. tuberosum. The photosynthetic gas exchange parameters, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and water use efficiency (WUE) of different medicinal plants were significantly different (P The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were significantly different among medicinal plants (P Potential activity of PSII (Fv/Fo) of medicinal plant leaves ranged from 2.87 to 3.37, and that of Taxus chinensis was the largest and that of Camellia japonica was the smallest. Soil pH and available phosphorus content were the highest in Violet nudiflora, soil organic matter, available nitrogen, available potassium, total potassium, and total phosphorus in Myristica cardamom, the highest in total nitrogen content in soil, the highest in biliary tree content in soil. Cation exchange capacity was the highest in Camellia japonica. The content of total flavonoids and sugars in leaves was the highest in the light transmittance of 10%~20%, and the content of total flavonoids and sugars was the highest in the light transmittance of 30%~40. The content of tea polyphenols in leaves and branches of Ilex plum was the highest in the light transmittance of 50%~60%. The content of flavonoids and total sugar in the tablets was the highest under 50%~60% light transmittance, while the content of total phenolic acid was the highest under 70%~80% light transmittance. (3) Three-dimensional cultivation of forest medicines could significantly improve the comprehensive quality of the surface soil of the ecological public welfare forest, in which SM (Chinese fir + Ilex plum) model had the best effect on soil water content, capillary water holding capacity, field water holding capacity, capillary porosity and soil bulk density. SMC (Cunninghamia lanceolata + Ilex pluvialis + Grass Coral) had the best effect on improving soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available potassium, exchangeable calcium, cation exchange capacity, urease and polyphenol oxidase activity, and SMG (Cunninghamia lanceolata + Ilex pluvialis + L. grandiflora) had the highest total potassium content. The highest content of sexual magnesium and activity of acid phosphatase was SMA (Chinese fir + Ilex pluvialis + Aina fragrant). The effect of three-dimensional cultivation mode on soil quality improvement was as follows: SMC mode, SMG mode, SMA mode, SDG (Chinese fir + biliary tree + agaricus) mode, SDA (Chinese fir + biliary tree + Aina fragrant) mode, SDC (Chinese fir + biliary tree + grass) mode. Coral CK (pure forest control). (4) The activity of soil enzyme in rhizosphere of different herbaceous medicinal plants was significantly different (P 0.05). 28 characteristic phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) biomarkers were detected in rhizosphere soil, and the content of single phospholipid fatty acids was significantly different among different treatments (P 0.05). The microbial composition of soil was dominated by bacteria, accounting for the total PLFA of microorganisms. The content of PLFA in rhizosphere soil of herbaceous medicinal plants increased significantly (P 0.05), and the total amount of microorganisms, bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and protozoa were all in SMC mode. In addition, the ratio of fungi/bacteria, gram-negative bacteria/positive bacteria and diversity index of soil microbial community in rhizosphere soil were significantly increased by the three-dimensional management model of forest medicines. The MC mode is optimal.
【学位授予单位】：中国林业科学研究院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S759.82
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