加氧灌溉作物生长响应及水分与养分利用特性

发布时间：2018-10-23 21:21

【摘要】：传统滴灌会将土壤中气体赶出,使得土壤中出现暂时性缺氧环境。加氧灌溉作为一种新型的节水技术,可以缓解这一现象。目前,针对不同土壤条件下加氧灌溉对作物生长及水分与养分利用特性的研究鲜见报道。针对上述问题,本研究利用生物试验和理论分析相结合的方法,选取不同的土壤类型,分别为郑州粘土、南阳壤土、洛阳粉壤土和驻马店砂壤土,设置循环曝气和灌溉后机械通气2种加氧灌溉处理方式,研究不同土壤类型中加氧灌溉对作物生长生理指标、产量、品质以及水分与养分利用特性的影响,利用Excel和SPSS 18.0软件对试验结果进行误差计算与统计分析,探索不同土壤中加氧灌溉对作物生长的改善效果;此外,根据上述测定结果构建合理的指标体系,利用熵权信息法与主观赋权法相结合的综合评价方法,定量计算各评价对象的综合评价系数,分析不同土壤中加氧灌溉作物种植综合效益。以期通过研究结果对加氧灌溉使用参数提供参考,并为其推广应用提供理论依据和实践指导。主要结论包括:(1)加氧灌溉提高作物根区氧气含量,增强根系活力,提高作物光合作用,使植株生长更加旺盛。盆栽草莓试验中,较对照处理,循环曝气处理4种土壤中株高增长了18.2%-25.3%,且在4种土壤中均有显著性差异(P0.05);根长增大了17.8%-48.0%,根冠比提高了18.7%-28.0%,根系活力提高了23.6%-40.2%,根冠比和根系活力在南阳壤土中差异不显著;净光合速率、蒸腾速率分别提高了13.4%-20.4%、5.6%-26.4%,并具均有显著性差异(P0.05)。循环曝气处理在郑州粘土中对草莓的生长发育和根系状况改善效果最为明显。盆栽小白菜试验中,加氧灌溉处理在郑州粘土、洛阳粉壤土和驻马店砂壤土3种土壤中对小白菜株高和叶面积都有显著提高,并且均在机械通气处理中达到最大值。综合分析,循环曝气处理在驻马店砂壤土中对小白菜干物质积累的促进效果最明显,而机械通气处理在郑州粘土中对小白菜的生长具有明显的改善效果;3种土壤中净光合速率和蒸腾速率在循环曝气处理中分别提高了2.41%-21.43%和12.84%-50.00%,机械通气处理中分别提高了23.45%-33.33%和10.21%-20.61%,净光合速率在各处理中均有显著性差异(P0.05),而蒸腾速率在郑州粘土和驻马店砂壤土中无显著性差异。(2)4种土壤中,循环曝气滴灌促进草莓根系吸水,给植株生长供给充足的水分,4种土壤中循环曝气处理草莓的总耗水量大小为郑州粘土南阳壤土洛阳粉壤土驻马店砂壤土。草莓的产量和品质也得到显著提高,循环曝气处理中草莓可溶性固形物在郑州粘土和洛阳粉壤土中分别提高了18.7%和17.3%,其他两种土壤中没有显著性差异,而VC含量在4种土壤中均有显著性提高,提高了3.4%-14.4%。和对照处理相比,加氧灌溉可以提高小白菜的水分养分利用效率。循环曝气处理中,水分利用效率在驻马店砂壤土中达到最大,且提高了16.40%,机械通气处理中,水分利用效率在郑州粘土中达到最大,提高86.77%,均差异性显著(P0.05)。循环曝气处理中,小白菜氮和磷总吸收量都在驻马店砂壤土中最大,钾总吸收量在洛阳粉壤土中最大,并且具有显著性差异(P0.05);机械通气处理中,小白菜氮总吸收量在郑州粘土中最大,磷总吸收量在驻马店砂壤土中最大,钾总吸收量在洛阳粉壤土中最大,并且具有显著性差异(P0.05)。同时,加氧灌溉提高了小白菜的养分吸收效率。(3)利用熵权信息法与主观赋权法相结合的综合评价方法,通过计算结果定量分析加氧滴灌在作物种植中的综合效益,在4种土壤中加氧灌溉均可以改善作物的种植效果,循环曝气滴灌处理中,郑州粘土中草莓种植的综合效益最高,最低的是洛阳粉壤土;循环曝气处理中,郑州粘土中小白菜种植的综合效益最高,最低的是洛阳粉壤土;机械通气处理中,驻马店砂壤土中小白菜种植的综合效益最高,且在所有处理中改善效果最佳。
[Abstract]:Traditional drip irrigation will remove gases from the soil, causing a transient anoxic environment in the soil. As a new water-saving technology, oxygen-plus irrigation can alleviate this phenomenon. At present, the study on crop growth and utilization of water and nutrients under different soil conditions is reported. In view of the above problems, this study combined with biological test and theoretical analysis to select different types of soil, namely Zhengzhou clay, Nanyang loam, Luoyang powder loam and Zhumadian sand loam, set up circulation aeration and mechanical ventilation after irrigation, 2 kinds of oxygen-adding irrigation treatment mode, The effects of oxygen irrigation on crop growth physiological indexes, yield, quality, moisture and nutrient utilization were studied in different soil types, and error calculation and statistical analysis were carried out on the test results using Excel and SPSS 8.0 software. In addition, a reasonable index system is constructed based on the above-mentioned measurement results, and the comprehensive evaluation coefficients of each evaluation object are quantitatively calculated by the comprehensive evaluation method combining the entropy weight information method and the subjective weight method, and the comprehensive benefit of adding oxygen-irrigated crops in different soil is analyzed. The purpose of this study is to provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for the application of oxygen-added irrigation parameters through the research results. The main conclusions include: (1) adding oxygen to increase the oxygen content in the root region of the crop, enhancing the vigor of the root system, improving the photosynthesis of the crops, and making the plant grow more vigorous. In pot strawberry experiment, the plant height increased by 18. 2% -25.3% in 4 kinds of soil, and there was significant difference among 4 kinds of soil (P0.05). The root length increased by 17. 8% -48. 0%, the root cap ratio increased by 18. 7% -28. 0%, the root activity increased by 23.06%-40.2%. The root-crown ratio and root activity were not significant in Nanyang loam; the transpiration rate and transpiration rate were increased by 13. 4%-20.04%, 5.6%-26. 4% respectively, and there was significant difference (P0.05). The effect of cyclic aeration treatment on the growth and root system of strawberry was most obvious in Zhengzhou clay. In the experiment of potted Chinese cabbage, the high and leaf area of Chinese cabbage were significantly improved in three soils of Zhengzhou clay, Luoyang powder loam and Zhumadian sandy loam, and the maximum value was reached in the mechanical ventilation treatment. The comprehensive analysis and circular aeration treatment had the most obvious effect on the accumulation of dry matter of Chinese cabbage in the sandy loam of Zhumadian, and the mechanical ventilation treatment had obvious improvement effect on the growth of Chinese cabbage in Zhengzhou clay; The photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of three kinds of soil were increased by 2.41% -21.43% and 12.84% -50. 00% respectively in the treatment of circulating aeration. The mechanical ventilation was increased by 23. 45% -33. 33% and 10.21%-20.61% respectively, and the rate of photosynthesis was significantly different in each treatment (P0.05). There was no significant difference in transpiration rate between Zhengzhou clay and clay loam in Zhumadian. (2) In 4 kinds of soil, circulating aeration drip irrigation promotes the water absorption of strawberry root system, supplies sufficient water for plant growth, and the total water consumption size of circulating aeration treatment strawberry in four kinds of soil is Zhengzhou clay Nanyang loam soil of Luoyang powder loam. The yield and quality of strawberry were also improved significantly. The soluble solid content of strawberry was increased by 18. 7% and 17. 3% respectively in Zhengzhou clay and Luoyang powder loam, but there was no significant difference in other two kinds of soil, but VC content was significantly improved in 4 kinds of soil. 3. 4-14. 4% improved. and compared with the control treatment, the oxygen-plus irrigation can improve the water nutrient utilization efficiency of the Chinese cabbage. In the treatment of circulating aeration, the water use efficiency reached the maximum in the sandy loam of Zhumadian, and increased by 16.40%. In the mechanical ventilation treatment, the water use efficiency reached the maximum in Zhengzhou clay, and the improvement of 86. 77% was significant (P0.05). In the treatment of circulating aeration, the total absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus in Chinese cabbage was the largest in the sandy loam of Zhumadian, and the total absorption of K was the largest in the loam of Luoyang powder, and there was significant difference (P <0.05). The total absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus in the treatment of mechanical ventilation was the largest in Zhengzhou clay. The total absorption of phosphorus in the sandy loam of Zhumadian was the largest, the total absorption of K was the largest in the loam of Luoyang powder, and there was a significant difference (P0.05). At the same time, adding oxygen irrigation improves the nutrient absorption efficiency of Chinese cabbage. (3) the comprehensive evaluation method combining the entropy weight information method and the subjective weight method is utilized to quantitatively analyze the comprehensive benefit of the oxygen-added drip irrigation in crop cultivation, The comprehensive benefit of strawberry planting in Zhengzhou clay is the highest, and the lowest is Luoyang powder loam; in the treatment of circular aeration, the comprehensive benefit of Chinese cabbage planting in Zhengzhou clay is the highest and the lowest is Luoyang powder loam; in mechanical ventilation treatment, The comprehensive benefit of Chinese cabbage planting in the sandy loam of Zhumadian was the highest, and the improvement was the best in all treatments.
【学位授予单位】：华北水利水电大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S275

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