沟垄覆膜种植对连作马铃薯根系分泌物和土壤化学性质的影响

发布时间：2019-04-08 15:11

【摘要】：本试验以马铃薯品种“新大坪”为供试品种,在大田定位连作(5年)的条件下,研究了马铃薯平畦不覆膜种植(CK)、平畦覆膜种植(T1)、全膜双垄垄播种植(T2)、全膜双垄沟播种植(T3)、半膜沟垄垄播种植(T4)、半膜膜侧种植(T5)6种模式下连作马铃薯根系分泌物化合物种类和含量差异以及土壤化学性质的变化规律。获得如下主要研究结果:1.连作马铃薯根系分泌物种类主要包括烃、醇、酸、酮、酰胺、肼、酚、肟等化合物,其中酯类物质相对含量最高,烃类次之;用三种试剂(甲醇、乙酸乙酯和正己烷)提取到的各处理马铃薯根系分泌物总数量分别为:平畦不覆膜49个、平畦覆膜39个、全膜垄播28个、全膜沟播32个、半膜垄播52个、半膜沟播41个;其中,采用乙酸乙酯提取到的根系分泌物种类最多,6种种植模式分别为:平畦不覆膜27个、平畦覆膜21个、全膜垄播15个、全膜沟播21个、半膜垄播21个、半膜沟播25个。2.6种模式马铃薯根系分泌物中均检测出棕榈酸甲酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯和棕榈酸,但各处理中用同一试剂提取的三种化感物质相对含量不同,均为平畦不覆膜相对含量最高,全膜垄播最低;通过GC-MS检测出平畦不覆膜特有的根系分泌物为环己酮(5.50%)和苯甲醇(10.90%),平畦覆膜特有的为1,16-十六烷二醇(1.33%)和反式对异丙基环己基甲酸(0.34%),全膜垄播特有的为阿魏酸异丙酯(4.7%),全膜沟播特有的为2-(2,6-二甲基苯氧基)-N-甲基乙胺(2.13%),半膜垄播特有的为4-羟基-2-丁酮(19.67%)和1,3-二异丙苯(1.01%),半膜沟播特有的为4-丙基苯甲醛二乙缩醛(1.72%)。3.沟垄覆膜种植提高了土壤pH,其中,马铃薯苗期全膜沟播增幅最为1.13;沟垄覆膜降低了土壤电导率,随着马铃薯的生长土壤电导率升高,马铃薯成熟期全膜垄播土壤电导率最低。4.沟垄覆膜种植促进了马铃薯对土壤速效氮和速效钾的吸收,全膜垄播的速效氮吸收率增幅最大为17.8%,速效钾吸收率增幅最大的是全膜沟播,达到29.5%。5.沟垄覆膜处理提高了土壤蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性,增幅分别为15.4%~26.1%、16.8%~85.7%、53.3%~89.3%和50%~150%,增幅最大的处理分别是全膜沟播、半膜沟播、半膜垄播和全膜垄播。
[Abstract]:In this experiment, the potato variety "Xindaping" was used as the test variety. Under the condition of continuous cropping in the field for 5 years, the (CK), flat border mulching planting (T1) and the whole film double ridge planting (T2) under the condition of potato flat border and no film mulching were studied. The variation of root exudate compounds and soil chemical properties of continuous cropping potato were studied under six models: full film double ridge planting (T 3), half film ridge planting (T 4) and half film side planting (T 5). The main results obtained are as follows: 1. The root exudates of potato under continuous cropping mainly include hydrocarbons, alcohols, acids, ketones, amides, hydrazine, phenols and oxime, among which the relative contents of esters are the highest, followed by hydrocarbons. The total amount of potato root exudates extracted by three reagents (methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane) were 49, 39, 28, 32 and 52, respectively. 41 of them were sown in semimembranous groove; Among them, the root exudates extracted by ethyl acetate were the most. The six planting patterns were as follows: 27 flat-border mulching, 21 flat-border mulching, 15 full-film ridge sowing, 21 full-film furrow sowing and 21 half-film ridge planting. Methyl palmitate, dibutyl phthalate and palmitic acid were detected in root exudates of potato under half-film ditch sowing, but the relative contents of three allelochemicals extracted with the same reagent were different in each treatment. The relative content of non-mulching film in flat border was the highest and that of whole film ridge sowing was the lowest. GC-MS showed that the root exudates were cyclohexanone (5.50%) and benzyl alcohol (10.90%). 1, 16-hexadecanediol (1.33%) and trans-p-isopropylcyclohexyl formic acid (0.34%), and isopropyl ferulate (4.7%) were unique to the whole film ridge sowing. 2-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)-N-methylethylamine (2.13%) and 4-hydroxy-2-butanone (19.67%) and 1,3-diisopropylbenzene (1.01%) were endemic to whole film furrow sowing, respectively, and were characterized by 2-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)-N-methylethylamine (2.13%) and 4-hydroxy-2-butanone (19.67%), respectively. 4-propylbenzaldehyde diethyl acetal (1.72%) is unique to half-film ditch sowing. 3. Furrow and ridge mulching and film mulching increased soil pH, and potato seedling stage increased 1.13 by full film furrow sowing. Furrow and ridge mulching decreased the conductivity of soil. With the increase of electrical conductivity of potato growing soil, the conductivity of whole film ridge sowing soil was the lowest at the mature stage of potato. 4. Furrow and ridge mulching promoted potato absorption of available nitrogen and available potassium in soil. The maximum increase of available nitrogen absorption rate was 17.8%, and the largest increase of available potassium absorption rate was 29.5% in whole film furrow sowing. The activities of soil invertase, alkaline phosphatase, catalase and urease were increased by 15.4%, 16.8%, 85.7%, 53.3%, 89.3% and 50%, respectively, by furrow and ridge mulching, and the activities of soil invertase, alkaline phosphatase, catalase and urease were increased by 15.4%, 16.8%, 85.3% and 50%, respectively. The treatments with the largest increase were full-film furrow sowing, half-film ridge sowing and full-film ridge sowing.
【学位授予单位】：甘肃农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S532

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