水稻—再生稻体系养分需求特性及氮肥合理运筹初探
发布时间：2019-06-21 19:46
【摘要】：通过提高耕地复种指数保障播种面积是确保水稻高产稳产,保证国家粮食安全的重要措施。近些年来,由于农业劳动力减少、劳动力成本高、净收益低等原因,双季稻播种面积下降,导致水稻播种面积不断减小。再生稻具有生育期短、节省农资投入、经济效益高等特点,种植再生稻成为了提高复种指数、增加稻田单位面积稻谷产量的又一重要措施。研究明确水稻-再生稻体系养分吸收、利用及合理施肥对再生稻的高产稳产具有重要意义。本研究通过两年的田间试验,研究明确了水稻-再生稻体系干物质积累及养分吸收、转运规律,探讨了不同施氮时期和促芽肥用量对再生稻产量的影响,阐明了氮肥运筹对水稻-再生稻体系产量和氮肥利用率的影响,为水稻-再生稻合理施用氮肥提供了理论依据。主要研究结果如下:1.头季稻总干物质积累量在整个生育期表现为“慢-快-慢”的增长趋势,快速增长期从拔节孕穗期至灌浆期;再生稻的总干物质积累呈“S”形曲线,头季收获后至再生季齐穗期前的增长速率较快。头季茎、叶的干物质积累量在灌浆-完熟期之间仍持续增长。再生稻生育前期茎和叶的干物质积累量主要来自于头季稻桩的干物质转运,头季稻桩的干物质积累量来自头季后期积累于水稻下部茎和叶中的光合产物,在头季收割后向新萌发的茎和叶中转运了大量的光合产物,其干物质积累量呈下降趋势。2.头季稻的氮总积累量呈平稳增长的趋势,磷、钾的总积累量均在灌浆期达到最大;而再生稻氮总积累量的增长速率呈先快后慢的变化,磷、钾总积累量在齐穗后开始下降。头季稻茎、叶中的养分分配比例高于再生稻,再生稻则将更多的养分分配至穗中。头季稻桩的氮、磷、钾积累量从头季收割后持续降低,降幅分别为60.0%、79.0%和84.4%。从齐穗期到完熟期,头季稻各器官的养分转移表现为叶片对氮的贡献率最高,茎的磷转运量最大3.促芽肥和促苗肥的配合施用显著提高了再生稻的产量;再生稻的产量与促芽肥用量呈线性加平台关系,试验条件下,最适宜的促芽肥用量为60 kg/hm2,配合施用60 kg/hm2的促苗肥,能够在增加再生芽萌发数量的同时,降低后期的死亡率,使有效穗数较单次施肥提高了13.0%-17.6%。单施促芽肥会使再生芽生育后期受到养分供应的限制而导致灌浆受阻,使得有效穗数降低;单施促苗肥的再生芽萌发相对较晚,部分再生芽受到生育期限制在生育后期的死亡率增加,影响了有效穗的形成。高促芽肥用量下再生稻的产量并没有进一步提高,且氮肥农学利用率和偏生产力分别降低了20.9%和28.1%。4.两季兼顾的氮肥运筹模式(推荐施肥处理)对水稻-再生稻体系增产提效的综合效果较好,在此基础上改变水稻-再生稻体系的氮肥运筹方式不影响稻谷产量,却显著降低了氮肥利用率。在本试验条件下,推荐施肥对再生季的增产效果较头季好,增产途径主要是提高了有效穗数和穗粒数。与推荐施肥相比,头季稻施用高氮或增施穗肥分别提高了头季茎和叶10%-20%的干物质和养分积累量,但对头季稻库容量的没有影响,且氮肥偏生产力降低了15.3%-30.5%;前氮后移也不影响氮肥利用率和产量形成。再生季增加促芽肥用量有提高再生稻产量的潜力,但使再生稻的氮肥农学利用率和偏生产力降低了18.8%和19.4%;再生季增施穗肥提高了再生稻的成穗率,但降低了结实率。
[Abstract]:It is an important measure to ensure the high and stable yield of the rice and to guarantee the food security of the country by improving the planting area of the cultivated land. In recent years, since the agricultural labor force is reduced, the labor cost is high and the net profit is low, the sowing area of the double-cropping rice is reduced, resulting in a decrease in the seeding area of the rice. The regenerated rice has the characteristics of short growth period, saving of the input of agricultural materials, high economic benefit and the like, and the planting of the regenerated rice has become another important measure to improve the replanting index and increase the rice yield of the rice field unit area. It is of great significance to study the nutrient absorption, utilization and rational application of the rice-regenerated rice system to the high and stable yield of the regenerated rice. A two-year field experiment was conducted to study the effects of dry matter accumulation and nutrient absorption and transport of rice-regenerated rice system, and the effects of different application of nitrogen and growth-promoting fertilizer on the yield of regenerated rice were discussed. The effect of the application of nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and the utilization rate of the nitrogen fertilizer in the rice-regenerated rice system was clarified, and the theoretical basis for the rational application of the nitrogen fertilizer to the rice-regenerated rice was provided. The main results are as follows:1. The total dry matter accumulation in the first-season rice is shown as the growth trend of the "slow-fast-slow" in the whole growth period, and the growth rate of the total dry matter accumulation in the regenerative rice is gradually increased from the jointing stage to the grouting stage; the total dry matter accumulation of the regenerative rice is in a "S"-shaped curve, and the growth rate before the harvest of the first season to the regeneration season is faster. The dry matter accumulation in the stems and leaves of the first season continues to grow between the filling and completion periods. the dry matter accumulation amount of the stem and the leaf in the early stage of the regenerative rice mainly comes from the dry matter transport of the first-season rice pile, the dry matter accumulation amount of the first-season rice pile comes from the dry matter accumulation in the lower stem and the leaf of the rice in the later stage of the first season, After the harvest of the first season, a large amount of dry matter was transferred to the newly-germinated stems and leaves, and the dry matter accumulation in the leaves decreased. The total amount of nitrogen accumulation in the first-season rice was steady, and the total accumulated amount of P and K reached the maximum in the grouting period. The proportion of the nutrient in the stems and leaves of the first-season rice is higher than that of the regenerated rice, and more nutrients are distributed to the ear in the regenerated rice. The accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the first-season rice pile decreased from the beginning of the harvest to 60.0%, 79.0% and 84.4%, respectively. The nutrient transfer of the organs of the first-season rice was the highest for the leaf to nitrogen, and the amount of phosphorus transport of the stem was the largest in the period from the heading stage to the completion period. The combined application of the bud-promoting fertilizer and the seedling-promoting fertilizer obviously improves the yield of the regenerated rice, the yield of the regenerated rice and the amount of the growth-promoting fertilizer are in a linear and platform relation, under the test condition, the optimal growth-promoting fertilizer is used in an amount of 60kg/ hm2, and the seedling-promoting fertilizer with the weight of 60 kg/ hm2 is matched with the growth-promoting fertilizer, The rate of the later mortality can be reduced while the number of the regenerated buds is increased, and the effective ear number is increased by 13.0% to 17.6% compared with the single fertilization. The single application of the bud-promoting fertilizer can cause the growth stage of the regeneration bud to be restricted by the nutrient supply in the later stage, so that the effective ear number is reduced, the germination of the regeneration bud of the single-application seedling-promoting fertilizer is relatively late, and the growth period of the partial regeneration bud is limited in the later stage of the growth period, and the formation of the effective ear is influenced. The yield of regenerated rice is not further improved in the amount of high-growth-promoting fertilizer, and the utilization rate and the partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer are reduced by 20.9% and 28.1% respectively. The comprehensive effect of the two-season nitrogen fertilizer operation mode (recommended fertilization treatment) on the yield-increasing effect of the rice-regenerated rice system is better, and on the basis of that, the nitrogen fertilizer operation method of the rice-regenerated rice system does not affect the yield of the rice, but the utilization rate of the nitrogen fertilizer is obviously reduced. Under the condition of this test, it is recommended that the effect of applying fertilizer on the regeneration season is better than that of the head, and the increase of the yield is mainly the increase of the number of effective ear and the number of grains per spike. In comparison with the recommended fertilization, the dry matter and nutrient accumulation of the first-season and the 10-20% of the first-season stems and the leaves were increased respectively, but the capacity of the first-season rice was not affected, and the partial productivity of the nitrogen fertilizer was decreased by 15.3%-30.5%, and the utilization rate and yield of the nitrogen fertilizer were not affected after the forward-nitrogen removal. The increase of the consumption of the growth-promoting fertilizer in the regeneration season has the potential to increase the yield of the regenerated rice, but the utilization rate and the partial productivity of the nitrogen fertilizer of the regenerated rice are reduced by 18.8% and 19.4%, and the growth rate of the regenerated rice is improved by the regeneration of the spike-increasing fertilizer, but the seed setting rate is reduced.
【学位授予单位】：华中农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S511
[Abstract]:It is an important measure to ensure the high and stable yield of the rice and to guarantee the food security of the country by improving the planting area of the cultivated land. In recent years, since the agricultural labor force is reduced, the labor cost is high and the net profit is low, the sowing area of the double-cropping rice is reduced, resulting in a decrease in the seeding area of the rice. The regenerated rice has the characteristics of short growth period, saving of the input of agricultural materials, high economic benefit and the like, and the planting of the regenerated rice has become another important measure to improve the replanting index and increase the rice yield of the rice field unit area. It is of great significance to study the nutrient absorption, utilization and rational application of the rice-regenerated rice system to the high and stable yield of the regenerated rice. A two-year field experiment was conducted to study the effects of dry matter accumulation and nutrient absorption and transport of rice-regenerated rice system, and the effects of different application of nitrogen and growth-promoting fertilizer on the yield of regenerated rice were discussed. The effect of the application of nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and the utilization rate of the nitrogen fertilizer in the rice-regenerated rice system was clarified, and the theoretical basis for the rational application of the nitrogen fertilizer to the rice-regenerated rice was provided. The main results are as follows:1. The total dry matter accumulation in the first-season rice is shown as the growth trend of the "slow-fast-slow" in the whole growth period, and the growth rate of the total dry matter accumulation in the regenerative rice is gradually increased from the jointing stage to the grouting stage; the total dry matter accumulation of the regenerative rice is in a "S"-shaped curve, and the growth rate before the harvest of the first season to the regeneration season is faster. The dry matter accumulation in the stems and leaves of the first season continues to grow between the filling and completion periods. the dry matter accumulation amount of the stem and the leaf in the early stage of the regenerative rice mainly comes from the dry matter transport of the first-season rice pile, the dry matter accumulation amount of the first-season rice pile comes from the dry matter accumulation in the lower stem and the leaf of the rice in the later stage of the first season, After the harvest of the first season, a large amount of dry matter was transferred to the newly-germinated stems and leaves, and the dry matter accumulation in the leaves decreased. The total amount of nitrogen accumulation in the first-season rice was steady, and the total accumulated amount of P and K reached the maximum in the grouting period. The proportion of the nutrient in the stems and leaves of the first-season rice is higher than that of the regenerated rice, and more nutrients are distributed to the ear in the regenerated rice. The accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the first-season rice pile decreased from the beginning of the harvest to 60.0%, 79.0% and 84.4%, respectively. The nutrient transfer of the organs of the first-season rice was the highest for the leaf to nitrogen, and the amount of phosphorus transport of the stem was the largest in the period from the heading stage to the completion period. The combined application of the bud-promoting fertilizer and the seedling-promoting fertilizer obviously improves the yield of the regenerated rice, the yield of the regenerated rice and the amount of the growth-promoting fertilizer are in a linear and platform relation, under the test condition, the optimal growth-promoting fertilizer is used in an amount of 60kg/ hm2, and the seedling-promoting fertilizer with the weight of 60 kg/ hm2 is matched with the growth-promoting fertilizer, The rate of the later mortality can be reduced while the number of the regenerated buds is increased, and the effective ear number is increased by 13.0% to 17.6% compared with the single fertilization. The single application of the bud-promoting fertilizer can cause the growth stage of the regeneration bud to be restricted by the nutrient supply in the later stage, so that the effective ear number is reduced, the germination of the regeneration bud of the single-application seedling-promoting fertilizer is relatively late, and the growth period of the partial regeneration bud is limited in the later stage of the growth period, and the formation of the effective ear is influenced. The yield of regenerated rice is not further improved in the amount of high-growth-promoting fertilizer, and the utilization rate and the partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer are reduced by 20.9% and 28.1% respectively. The comprehensive effect of the two-season nitrogen fertilizer operation mode (recommended fertilization treatment) on the yield-increasing effect of the rice-regenerated rice system is better, and on the basis of that, the nitrogen fertilizer operation method of the rice-regenerated rice system does not affect the yield of the rice, but the utilization rate of the nitrogen fertilizer is obviously reduced. Under the condition of this test, it is recommended that the effect of applying fertilizer on the regeneration season is better than that of the head, and the increase of the yield is mainly the increase of the number of effective ear and the number of grains per spike. In comparison with the recommended fertilization, the dry matter and nutrient accumulation of the first-season and the 10-20% of the first-season stems and the leaves were increased respectively, but the capacity of the first-season rice was not affected, and the partial productivity of the nitrogen fertilizer was decreased by 15.3%-30.5%, and the utilization rate and yield of the nitrogen fertilizer were not affected after the forward-nitrogen removal. The increase of the consumption of the growth-promoting fertilizer in the regeneration season has the potential to increase the yield of the regenerated rice, but the utilization rate and the partial productivity of the nitrogen fertilizer of the regenerated rice are reduced by 18.8% and 19.4%, and the growth rate of the regenerated rice is improved by the regeneration of the spike-increasing fertilizer, but the seed setting rate is reduced.
【学位授予单位】：华中农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S511
【参考文献】
相关期刊论文 前10条
1 伍爱喜;易莲英;孙玉姣;;不同促芽肥施用时期对再生稻产量影响初报[J];广西农学报;2016年04期
2 何花榕;房贤涛;谢祖钦;张居念;卓传营;蔡光t，
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