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保山甜柿园主要矿质营养与产量品质的关系及适宜值分析

发布时间:2019-06-26 07:48
【摘要】:本试验以云南省保山市隆阳区19个‘次郎’甜柿园为材料,通过对各果园土、肥、水管理状况、生长性状、产量品质、生长动态的调查和土壤、叶片、果实矿质元素的测定,分析了不同管理水平下果园的生长性状、产量品质的差异;运用多种统计分析方法综合分析探讨了土壤、叶片、果实矿质元素与果实品质的关系;并对比研究了叶片、果实主要矿质元素含量年动态变化规律和优质高产果园所需的主要矿质元素适宜范围,研究结果显示:1.通过对19个成龄‘次郎’甜柿园土、肥管理状况和生长性状、果园产量、果实品质的调查,应用赋分评价和系统聚类将果园按管理水平高低分为好、中、差3大类。多重比较显示,不同管理水平下果园的生长性状、产量品质存在显著差异。结果数、平均单果重、单株产量在3个管理水平间均存在极显著差异(P0.01)。硬度在1(好)、3(差)水平间差异极显著;水平1(好)的可溶性固形物含量和维生素C含量极显著高于2(中)、3(差)水平;1(好)、2(中)水平下类胡萝卜素含量极显著高于3(差)水平。多数叶片性状和枝条性状在不同管理水平下也存在显著差异。2.甜柿物候期及动态观测结果表明:整个果实生长发育期内,各地果实生长速率均表现为‘快-慢-快’的趋势,2次生长高峰期分别出现在盛花后6-9周和14~(-1)7周左右。叶片和果实中的氮、磷、钾、铁、锌、铜元素动态变化规律在不同地点和品种间较为相似;钙、镁、锰在云南和浙江两地间存在明显差异。萌芽展叶至开花前,叶片内氮、磷、钾元素的含量均较低且正处于快速下降过程。由于磷流动性较差,应在施基肥时配合施用磷肥;氮、钾肥应在萌芽前后施用,以氮肥为主,促进营养生长。盛花后6-9周和14~(-1)7周两次果实膨大期时,果实内氮、磷、钾持续下降,其中钾的下降幅度最大,应在膨大期之前追肥,以施用钾肥为主,提高果实品质。叶片矿质元素在盛花后9~(-1)0周基本处于稳定期,初步确定甜柿叶片采样的适宜时期为盛花后9~(-1)0周。3.通过对影响果实品质的土壤和叶片养分因子的筛选和优化方案求解,将各果园土壤和叶片养分的实测值与理论值进行对比发现,所有果园土壤有机质含量均低于理论值,47.37%的果园土壤有效磷、有效铁含量较低;84.21%的果园叶片氮含量偏高,分别有15.79%、26.32%和84.21%的果园叶片磷、叶片钾、叶片锰含量偏低,部分土壤养分与叶片养分在对比过程中结果不一致。根据土壤和叶片养分线性规划方程组所求得的果实理论最佳品质分别为:单果重331.42 g、328.63 g,硬度18.463 kg·cm-2、17.118 kg·cm-2,可溶性固形物18.664%、18.056%,维生素C165.22 mg·100g~(-1)、141.012 mg·100g~(-1),类胡萝卜素66.70 mg·kg~(-1)、71.36 mg·kg~(-1)。所调查‘次郎’甜柿园土壤养分含量较为充足,叶片养分含量偏低。隆阳区‘次郎’甜柿园要增施有机肥,适当减少氮肥施用,增施磷、钾肥,同时注重大量肥料与各种微量肥料配合施用;调节土壤养分比例,平衡树体营养。4.果实内矿质元素含量高低顺序为:果实钾氮磷钙镁铁锰锌铜。简单相关分析表明:果实氮、磷、钾三者之间相关性最好,均达到极显著水平(p0.01);果实矿质元素间的相关性要比叶片矿质元素间的相关性好。而通径分析要比简单相关分析更好的反映矿质元素与果实品质之间的关系。通径分析发现,单果重受果实氮(-0.42)、钙(-0.38)、铜(0.332)的直接作用较大;果实钙(0.3630)、果实铜(-0.3150)、果实锌(0.2660)对果实硬度直接作用较大;可溶性固形物受果实钙(-0.6670)、氮(-0.3670)直接作用明显;果实磷(-0.495)、钙(0.428)、钾(0.394)对果实维生素C的直接作用和间接作用均较大,对类胡萝卜素直接作用大小排序为:钾(-0.7770)氮(0.4520)磷(0.4210)锰(0.3920)钙(-0.3840)。5.对各果园产量和果实品质指标的主成分分析和综合评价得出,果园的产量和单果重在整个综合评价体系中作用最大,普通果园氮、磷、钾的变异系数较大。优质高产果园(亩产量为3000 kg左右)所需的氮、磷、钾的适宜范围为:氮20.80—27.84 kg/亩、磷6.94—8.06 kg/亩、钾16.83—26.19 kg/亩。生产单位产量(1000 kg)果实所吸收的氮、磷、钾范围为:氮6.93—9.28 kg、磷2.31—2.69 kg、钾5.61—8.73 kg,氮、磷、钾的比例大致为10:3:8。隆阳区‘次郎’甜柿施肥盲目性较大,部分果园施肥不均衡。通过研究,掌握了生长期甜柿叶、果内养分变化规律,确定了甜柿关键需肥时期和采样时期,为甜柿施肥和营养诊断提供了理论支持。得出隆阳区‘次郎’甜柿施肥盲目性较大,部分果园施肥不均衡,探讨优质高产甜柿果园所需氮、磷、钾的适宜范围,为甜柿园施肥提供了理论依据。
[Abstract]:The test was carried out on the basis of the survey of soil, fertilizer, water management status, growth character, yield quality, growth dynamics and the determination of soil, leaf and fruit mineral elements through the investigation of soil, fertilizer, water management status, growth character, yield quality, growth dynamics of all orchards in the Longyang District, Baoshan, Yunnan Province, The relationship between the growth and yield of the orchards under different management levels was analyzed, and the relationship between the mineral elements of the soil, the leaves and the fruit and the quality of the fruit was analyzed by using a variety of statistical analysis methods. The content of main mineral elements in fruit and the suitable range of main mineral elements required for high-quality and high-yielding orchards are as follows:1. The management level of the orchard is divided into good, medium and poor three categories by means of the survey of the soil, fertilizer management status and growth character, orchard yield and fruit quality of the 19-year-old Siro's' sweet persimmon garden soil, the fertilizer management condition and the growth character, the orchard yield and the fruit quality. The results showed that there were significant differences in the growth and yield of the orchards under different management levels. The results showed that the average single fruit weight and single plant yield were significantly different among the three management levels (P0.01). the hardness is very significant between 1 (good) and 3 (poor) levels; the soluble solid content and the vitamin C content of the level 1 (good) are significantly higher than that of the 2 (middle) and 3 (poor) levels;1 (good), The carotenoid content of the 2 (medium) level was significantly higher than that of the 3 (poor) level. Most of the leaf characters and the branch characters have a significant difference in different management levels. The results of the phenological and dynamic observations of the sweet persimmon showed that the growth rate of the fruit in the whole fruit was fast-slow and fast, and the growth peak of the second time was about 6-9 weeks and 14 ~ (-1)7 weeks respectively. The changes of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iron, zinc and copper in the leaves and fruits were similar among different sites and varieties, and there was a significant difference between the two places in Yunnan and Zhejiang. The contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the leaves were lower and are in the process of rapid decline before the bud showed to blossom. As the phosphorus fluidity is poor, the phosphate fertilizer shall be applied in combination with the application of the base fertilizer; the nitrogen and the potassium fertilizer shall be applied before and after the germination, and the nitrogen fertilizer is the main fertilizer, and the vegetative growth is promoted. After 6-9 weeks and 14 ~ (-1) two-time fruit enlargement period, the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the fruit decreased continuously, and the decrease of potassium was the largest, and the top dressing should be applied before the expansion period, so as to apply the potassium fertilizer as the main material to improve the quality of the fruit. The mineral elements of the leaves were basically in the stationary phase after 9 ~ (-1) weeks after the flower, and the appropriate period for the sampling of the sweet persimmon leaves was 9 ~ (-1)0 weeks after the flower. By means of the method of screening and optimization of soil and leaf nutrient factors that affect the fruit quality, the measured values of soil and leaf nutrients in each orchard are compared with the theoretical values, and the organic matter content of all the orchards is lower than the theoretical value, and 47.37% of the orchard soil is effective for phosphorus, The effective iron content was low; 84.21% of the orchard leaf nitrogen content was high, 15.79%, 26.32% and 84.21% of the orchard leaf phosphorus, the leaf potassium and the leaf manganese content were low, and the partial soil nutrient and the leaf nutrient were not consistent in the comparison process. The best quality of the fruit theory obtained from the linear programming equations of soil and leaf was as follows: single fruit weight of 331.42 g, 328.63 g, hardness 18.463 kg 路 cm-2, 17.118 kg 路 cm-2, soluble solid content 18.664%, 18.056%, vitamin C 165.22 mg 路 100g ~ (-1), 141.012 mg 路 100g ~ (-1), carotenoid 66.70 mg 路 kg ~ (-1), 71.36 mg 路 kg ~ (-1). The contents of soil nutrients in the Kaki's' sweet persimmon orchard are abundant, and the nutrient content of the leaves is low. In Longyang District, the Majijiro 'sweet persimmon garden is to be applied with organic fertilizer, so as to reduce the application of nitrogen fertilizer, increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and also pay attention to the application of a large amount of fertilizer in combination with various micro-fertilizers; and adjust the soil nutrient proportion and balance the nutrition of the tree body. The contents of the mineral elements in the fruit were as follows: K, P, Ca, Fe, Zn, Cu in the fruit. The simple correlation analysis showed that the correlation between the fruit nitrogen, the phosphorus and the potassium was the best, reaching a very significant level (p0.01); the correlation between the mineral elements of the fruit was better than that of the mineral elements of the leaves. Path analysis is better than simple correlation analysis to reflect the relationship between mineral elements and fruit quality. Path analysis showed that the direct effect of fruit nitrogen (-0.42), calcium (-0.38) and copper (0.332) on the fruit firmness was higher than that of fruit (-0.42), calcium (-0.38) and copper (0.332). The fruit hardness was directly affected by fruit calcium (0.3630), fruit copper (-0.3150) and fruit zinc (0.2660), and the soluble solid was affected by fruit calcium (-0.6670). The direct effect of N (-0.3670) was significant; the direct and indirect effects of the fruit phosphorus (-0.495), calcium (0.428) and potassium (0.394) on the fruit vitamin C were large, and the direct action of the carotenoid was: K (-0.7770) N (0.4520) P (0.42210) Mn (0.3920) Ca (-0.3840). The main component analysis and comprehensive evaluation of the yield and fruit quality index of each orchard, the yield and the single fruit of the orchard are the most important in the whole comprehensive evaluation system, and the coefficient of variation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the common orchard is large. The suitable range of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium required for high-quality and high-yield orchard (about 3000kg per mu) is: 20.80-27.84 kg/ mu of nitrogen, 6.94-8.06 kg/ mu of phosphorus, 16.83-26.19 kg/ mu of potassium. The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the fruit of production unit yield (1000kg) were: nitrogen 6.93-9.28 kg, phosphorus 2.31-2.69 kg, potassium 5.61-8.73 kg, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ratio of about 10:3:8. The fertilization of the sweet persimmon in Longyang District is more blind, and the fertilization of some orchards is not balanced. Through the study, the change of the nutrient of the persimmon leaf and the fruit in the growing period is grasped, the key fertilizer period and the sampling period of the sweet persimmon are determined, and the theoretical support is provided for the fertilization and nutrition diagnosis of the sweet persimmon. It is concluded that the fertilization of the sweet persimmon in the Longyang district is more blind, and the fertilization of some orchards is not balanced, and the suitable range of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium required by the high-quality and high-yield sweet persimmon orchard is discussed, and the theoretical basis for the application of the sweet persimmon orchard is provided.
【学位授予单位】:中国林业科学研究院
【学位级别】:硕士
【学位授予年份】:2017
【分类号】:S665.2

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