俄语换位词研究

发布时间：2018-01-10 03:24

本文关键词：俄语换位词研究　出处：《上海外国语大学》2007年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 换位词的研究历史并不长。20世纪20年代,法国语言学家巴利首次提出换位词的概念,随后一些学者对换位词进行了零散的研究。直到60年代,换位词的研究才得到发展,形成换位词研究的黄金时期,当时语言学家们主要研究换位词的句法研究。直到70年代,语言学家才把注意力转向了换位词的词法研究上。目前学界对换位关系的研究较零散、缺乏系统性。本文将结合换位词的词法和句法上的特点,进行较为系统的研究,进一步了解换位词的特点、实质极其功能,更好地更准确地运用换位词。首先区分语义相对词和换位词。语义相对词是指两个词的词义相互依存、相互制约,在同一情景中一个词的存在就意味着、暗示着另一个词的存在。如“买”和“卖”、“丈夫”和“妻子”。在同一情景中,有“买”必有“卖”,“买”的存在就意味着“卖”的存在。在同一情景中,有“丈夫”必有“妻子”。词义之间的这种关系就是“语义相对”,有语义相对关系的词就是“语义相对词”。一对语义相对词构成的主客体换位的两个句子陈述同一个事实,所以是同义句。但因为二句表述形式不同,所以二句语义内容有细微差别,逻辑重点不同,主题与述题关系不同。语义相对词一般都有上述换位功能,所以语义相对词一般也是换位词。但是,对换位词的研究范围逐渐扩大,有些换位词类型虽然有换位功能,但词义并无语义相对特点。所以,并非所有换位词都有词义相对的特点,语义相对词只是换位词中的一部分。换位词中具有语义相对特点的词一般被归入反义词,即构成语义相对关系的一类反义词。这些词中,与其它反义词一样,既有共同义素,也有对立义素。如“买”和“卖”二词的义素构成中有共同义素,都包括诸如“商业行为”、“物与钱交换”这些义素;二词中又包含不同的、呈相对关系的对立义素:一是“以钱换物”,一是“以物换钱”。这种相互对立的义素正是从不同角度、不同出发点表示同一对象,二者互为依存。也正是这种不同的、相对立的义素可造成二词代换时主客体的换位。与其它类型的反义词不同的是,每个语义相对词在每一情景中都暗示另一词的存在并以后者为存在条件。其它类型的反义词则无此特点。如“张三是男人”中的“男人”并不意味着某个“女人”的存在。“飞机在起飞”也并不意味着另一某物在降落。这些反义词只是在语言体系中有相对立的另一词存在。换位词必须至少具备两个语义组配项,具有转换角色的结构。在这方面,同义词和反义词都不需要这个先决条件。首先它们都可以是只有一个语义组配项的,甚至可以是无语义组配项的;其次有两个语义组配项也无需交换角色。换位词多属于同一词类,但也可以是不同词类的,同义词和反义词则属于同一词类。换位词的另一个特点,也是它和同义词、反义词的重要区别之一,即换位词偶不能同时出现在同一语句中。它们中的一个用于言语中,而另一个则只能存在于人们的意识中,但随时可用来代换。但同义词和反义词就不同,它们完全可以同时出现在同一语句中。通过换位词转换的句子和原句虽然是同义的,但并非完全等同,它们之间存在着逻辑侧重和实义切分上的差别,这实际上正是换位词的功能:形成具有逻辑侧重和实义切分差别的同义语句。对俄语换位关系的研究虽然取得了很大成就,但还存在不少问题。其中主要有: 对换位关系和换位词的解释普遍带有片面性,具体表现为: 1.没有说明存在着大量无对立义素的换位词,只提出换位词具有对立义素。有的学者这样给换位关系下定义:“换位关系属于词汇语义范畴,是不同词的相反关系在语言中的反映,这些词的对立义素能使这类单位在转换的语句中表示主客体关系……”(Новиков,214)。 2.在对换位词功能的认识上存在不同的看法,确切地说,把换位词和反义词混为一谈。反义词在句子中体现的是对立功能,而不是语句的同义转换功能。本文以俄语换位词为例对换位关系的实质、换位词的语法特性、换位词的语句同义转换功能、换位词与同义词、反义词的对比分析以及换位词的分类进行了深入细致的分析,并就当前换位关系研究中存在的主要问题提出了自己的见解。对换位词进行的语义—语法分类兼顾了意义和形式标准,对于全面准确了解换位词的类型很有帮助。本文对这一比较新的研究课题的概括总结及对一些问题的探索有助于更好地研究换位关系,对俄语教学也有一定的启发意义。本文由前言、正文和结束语三部分组成,其中正文包含五章: 第一章俄语换位词发展概述第二章俄语换位词理论概述第三章换位关系与同义、反义关系第四章换位词的特点第五章换位词的分类
[Abstract]:The word is not a long research history of transposition.20 century 20s, French linguist Barry first put forward the concept of conversion words, then some scholars were scattered on transposition words. Until 60s, the discussion on transposition of get development, golden age research transposition word forms the syntactic study, linguists mainly study the transposition words at that time. Until in 70s, linguists focus on lexical transposition words. The current research on the relationship of transposition is scattered, the lack of systematic. This paper combines the characteristics of lexical and syntactic transposition, are systematically studied, further understanding of the characteristics of conversion words, very substantial function better, more accurate the use of transposition.
We distinguish the semantic relative words and word semantic words. Relative transposition refers to two words of interdependence, mutual constraints, in the same scene in a word means, suggesting another word. Such as "buy" and "sell", "husband" and "wife" in the same situation, there will be "buy" to "sell" and "buy" means "sell". In the same situation, there will be a "husband" "wife". The relationship between the meaning of a word is "semantic relativity" relative words is the "semantic relative words".
A pair of two relative sentences consisting of subject and object are represented by the same fact. Therefore, they are synonymous sentences. But because of the different expressions of the two sentences, the two sentence has different nuances in semantic content. The key points of logic are different, and the relationship between topic and topic is different.
The relative words generally have the semantic conversion function, so the semantic relative word is generally transposition words. However, the research scope of transposition words gradually expanded, although there are some word type transposition transposition function, but there is no semantic meaning of relative characteristics. Therefore, not all words are transposed the relative meaning of semantic features, is a relative term some words in transposition.
Words have semantic features of transposition relative words are generally classified as a class of antonyms antonyms, namely the relative semantic. These words, like other antonyms, both common sememe, and opposition sememe. Such as "buy" and "sell" two words in common sememe sememe form, including such as "business practices", "material and money exchange" which contains different sememe; two words, a relative relationship between sememes: one is to change money "thing", is a "material change". This is the opposite of sememe from different angles, different starting points represent the same two objects, which depend on each other. It is this different, transposition can cause two sememe opposite word substitution when the subject and object. Unlike other types of antonyms is that each semantic relative words at each scenario implies another word exists and the latter is the existence. Other types of antonyms. There is no such as. "Zhang San is the man" in "man" does not mean a "woman". "The plane takes off at" does not mean something in another land. Only these antonyms there is another word in the opposite language system.
Transposition words must have at least two semantic matching, with the role of structural transfer. In this regard, synonyms and antonyms are not the prerequisite. Firstly they can be only a semantic matching item, even without semantic matching items; secondly there are two semantic groups there is no need to switch roles with a word. Transposition belong to the same lexical category, but can also be different lexical category, synonyms and antonyms belong to the same lexical category. Another feature of transposition of words, it is also one of the important differences and synonyms, antonyms, word pairs that transposition can't be seen together in the same a statement. One of them, for the words, and one can only exist in people's consciousness, but can be used at any time. But the substitution of synonyms and antonyms is different, they can also appear in the same statement.
Although the sentences and original sentences that are converted by the transposition words are synonymous, but they are not exactly the same, there are differences between the logical emphasis and the real meaning segmentation.
Although great achievements have been made in the study of Russian transposable relations, there are still many problems.
The interpretations of transposition and transposition words are generally one-sided, which are as follows:
1. not indicating the presence of a lot of words without opposition transposition sememe, present the words with opposite transposition. Some scholars like to sememe transposition relation definition: "transposition relation belongs to lexical semantic category, reflects the opposite relationship between different words in the language, the meaning of these words in opposition to this unit represents the relationship between subject and object in the conversion of the statement." (from the state for me from 214 to K,).
2., there are different views on the understanding of the function of commutator. To be exact, it is confused with the antonyms. Antonyms in the sentence reflect the opposite function rather than the synonymous transformation function of the sentence.
According to the Russian word as an example of the essence of transposition transposition relation, the grammatical features of transposition words, synonym statement conversion function words and word transposition transposition, synonyms, antonyms and transposition comparative analysis of word classification for in-depth analysis, and on the current main problems of the research on the relationship of transposition in put forward their own the semantic and grammatical classification opinions. The words of both the transposition of meaning and form standard, for understanding the types of word transposition helpful. In this paper, the new research subject of the summary and exploration of some issues will help to better study the transposition relation, also have certain enlightening significance of the Russian Teaching.
This article is composed of three parts, the preface, the text and the concluding language, and the text contains five chapters.
The first chapter of the development of Russian transposition words
The second chapter of the theory of Russian transposed words
The third chapter of transposition relation and synonym, antisense relationship
The characteristics of the fourth chapter of the transposition word
The classification of transposition words in the fifth chapter

【学位授予单位】：上海外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：H35

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