杰出的理论语言学家Л.B.谢尔巴

发布时间：2019-04-25 20:59

【摘要】： 谢尔巴,苏联杰出语言学家。1880年3月3日生于彼得堡, 1903年毕业于彼得堡大学。在那里,他受过博杜恩.德.库尔德内的系统指导。1916～1941年任彼得格勒大学(今列宁格勒大学)教授。1943年起任苏联科学院院士,在科学院工作。1944年12月26日卒于莫斯科。谢尔巴的研究领域十分广泛:普通语言学、普通语音学、语法学、词典编纂学、外语教学法、文字和正字法、方言学等。他在上述这些领域对苏联语言学乃至世界语言学都作出了重要贡献。他认为语言现象具有三重性,应分为言语活动(说话和理解的过程)、语言材料(说出的和理解的全部材料)和语言系统,而语言学的任务是再现语言系统;他把语法学分为消极的和积极的,认为前者从形式出发研究语言结构要素的功能和意义,后者则应该教会人们用这些形式来表达自己的思想;在词典编纂学方面,他提出的编纂一般词典和规范(科学院)词典、解释词典和翻译词典的原则、方法和理论等成为后来苏联词典编纂学的理论基础。他的这些思想和学术迄今仍具有生命力,被语言学界广为引用。作为列宁格勒音位学派的创始人,谢尔巴是语音学的奠基人之一。他早期的观点见于《俄语元音的音质与音长》(1912),后期观点反映在《法语语音学》(1937)和苏联科学院《俄语语法》第一卷(1952)中。他认为音位是语言中能够区别词与词形的音型。他把同一音位的各个实体(实际发出的音)称为“音品”(相当于“音位变体”)。他强调,不同的音有可能归并为一个音位,但相同的音不能分属于不同的音位。在外语教学方面,谢尔巴反对单纯摹仿,主张在外语学习的初级阶段通过母语与外语的对比来排除本族语的干扰。谢尔巴一生共发表11部专著和词典,69篇论文(其中7篇是用法文写的),还有10多篇学术报告。他的主要著作有《论俄语中的词类》(1928)、《词典学原理初探》(1940)和《论语言现象的三重性与语言学中的实验》(1931)等,这些著作已成为苏联语言学不可多得的宝贵遗产,也成为世界语言学宝库中的经典之作。本论文共分为3章。第一章对谢尔巴的生平和学术生涯进行了回顾和评述;第二章对其在语言学不同学科的主要著述所反映的学术思想和观点等进行了分析和审视,第三章是我们对该学者学术思想所做的基本结论和评价。鉴于国内学界对谢尔巴的研究基本属于空白的状况,本论文作为一种尝试,试图对该学者的学术成就和对苏联语言学的贡献作出初步的评介。
[Abstract]:Scelba, a prominent Soviet linguist, was born in Petersburg on March 3, 1880 and graduated from Petersburg University in 1903. There, he was subjected to Boodun. De. Systematic guidance within Kurdistan. Professor, Petergrad University (present-day Leningrad University), 1916-1941. Academician of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, since 1943, at the Academy of Sciences. Died in Moscow on 26 December 1944. Scelba studied a wide range of fields: general linguistics, general phonetics, grammar, lexicography, foreign language teaching, text and orthography, dialect, and so on. He made important contributions to Soviet linguistics and even world linguistics in these fields. He thinks that language phenomenon has three natures, it should be divided into speech activity (process of speech and understanding), language material (all material of speaking and understanding) and language system, while the task of linguistics is to reproduce language system; He regarded grammar as negative and positive, thinking that the former should study the function and meaning of language structure elements from form, and the latter should teach people to express their thoughts in these forms. In lexicography, he put forward the principles, methods and theories of compiling general dictionaries and standard dictionaries, explaining dictionaries and translating dictionaries, etc., which became the theoretical basis of lexicography in the later Soviet Union. His thoughts and academicians are still alive and widely cited by linguists. As the founder of Leningrad phoneme school, Scelba was one of the founders of phonetics. His early views are reflected in the quality and length of Russian vowels (1912), and in French phonetics (1937) and in Russian Grammar, Soviet Academy of Sciences, vol. 1 (1952). He thinks phoneme is the phoneme that can distinguish between word and word form in language. He called the entities of the same phoneme (the actual sounds) "phonological" (equivalent to "phonological variations"). He stressed that different sounds may merge into one phoneme, but that the same tone cannot belong to different phonemes. In the aspect of foreign language teaching, Scelba opposes imitation and argues that the interference of native language should be eliminated through the contrast between mother tongue and foreign language in the primary stage of foreign language learning. Scelba published 11 monographs and dictionaries, 69 papers (7 of which were written in French) and more than 10 academic papers. His major works are on the part of speech in Russian (1928), on the principles of lexicography (1940) and on the Triple Nature of linguistic phenomena and experiments in Linguistics (1931), etc. These works have become a rare legacy of Soviet linguistics and a classic in the world's treasure house of linguistics. This paper is divided into three chapters. The first chapter reviews and comments on Scelba's life and academic career. The second chapter analyzes and examines the academic thoughts and viewpoints reflected in his main works in different disciplines of linguistics. The third chapter is the basic conclusion and evaluation of the scholars' academic thoughts. In view of the fact that the study of Scelba in China is basically blank, this paper attempts to make a preliminary review of the academic achievements of the scholar and his contribution to USSR linguistics as an attempt to make a preliminary review of the academic achievements of the scholar and his contribution to USSR linguistics.
【学位授予单位】：苏州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：H35

【相似文献】