多元化的奥斯卡获奖纪录片研究

发布时间：2018-08-27 15:47

【摘要】：纪录片被称为人类的生存之镜,世界上多数国家都高度重视纪录片的文化传承功能。美国“电影艺术与科学学院奖”1942年开始给予加拿大纪录片《丘吉尔之岛》以最佳纪录片奖之后,截止到2013年,一共有145部来自各国的优秀纪录片作品获奖。其制作国家以美国为主,占据119部(其中含合拍10部),英(11部)、德(2部)、法(9部)、荷(3部)、加(5部)等主要发达国家都有获奖,中国、印度、巴基斯坦、津巴布韦、墨西哥等发展中国家也各有一部获奖。从历年的评奖规则来看,奥斯卡并未对纪录片的题材、内容、制作方的国别甚至是表现形式作太多限制,这一较为开放的规则实现了奥斯卡纪录片的兼收并蓄,从制度层面保证了其多元化的作品多样性。奥斯卡官方网站已经公布2014年第86届纪录片评比作品的评选规则,其中对于纪录片的定义保持不变：“取得获奖资格的纪录片从理论上必须为非虚构的影片,涉及文化、艺术、历史、社会、科学、经济以及其它领域。在强调事实和非虚构的情况下,纪录片是对真实事件的拍摄,可以运用部分情景再现、影片资料、剧照、动画、单格拍制以及其它拍摄技术。”从规则中可以看到,这一定义最基本的要求就是“非虚构”,对于具体制作手段没有太多限制。因此,是否可以给纪录片一个合理的概念限定,本文认为可以在非虚构性的前提下做如下定义：纪录片是对客观对象的再现与非虚构记录。纪录片可以实现重大事件的历史记录,虽然并非所有纪录片都是一种镜像式的记录,但奥斯卡的获奖纪录片与同时代的社会有紧密的联系,无论是战火硝烟的影像记录、动荡不定的社会生活还是拓展视野的后911时代,社会的多元化造就奥斯卡获奖纪录片的多元化。奥斯卡成就了诸多优秀纪录片,也成就了一大批纪录片导演,奥斯卡获奖纪录片的导演也和纪录片本身一样表现为多元化,有一百余名不同肤色、性别、文化背景的导演获奖。奥斯卡的颁奖从其本质而言属于一种商业化的电影推销手段,但开设纪录片奖以来,众多获奖纪录片浓缩了同时代的历史,同样也是对未来的展望。72年的奥斯卡获奖作品就是72年的相册,反映了话语权的改变、视野的变化,并且商业价值不断得到凸显。由于纪录片本身的纪实特性,145部纪录片可以给同时代的美国乃至世界描绘出一幅基本完整的社会全景图。无论是战争,还是环境、医疗、同性恋、贫困问题……基本被纳入奥斯卡获奖纪录片选题的视野。国际化的视野也使奥斯卡获奖作品呈现一种“地球村”的互视,奥斯卡纪录片选题的多样性是其多元化的重要保障。奥斯卡获奖纪录片的多元化不仅体现在内容和选题上,对于其叙事方式进行考察可以发现其仍然存在着多元发展的态势,叙事风格也存在着明显的转向,从早期格里尔逊式纪录片的解说词灌输教导到直接电影为主要形式的客观观察式记录,直至今天的带有明显故事性、“虚构性”的新纪录电影,奥斯卡获奖纪录片经历了一个故事化叙事风格的转向。国际化与商业化类型的纪录片并不违背奥斯卡对于纪录片选择的规则,同样符合美国的传统理念和主流文化,成为纪录片多元化格局的一个重要方面。其中直接电影形式的纪录片是一种“零度”的记录,新纪录电影则掺杂较多的主观因素。奥斯卡原本是一个美国国内的奖项,应该说和中国本无必然的联系,但在全球化、多元化的态势之下,特别是纪录片奖项长期以来坚持的开放原则,奥斯卡对于中国存在一定的影响与联系。奥斯卡开设纪录片奖以来有意无意之间形成多元化的格局,中国以其国际社会中的重要地位和题材资源的多样性,中国问题、中国元素也应是“多元”中重要的一支。奥斯卡获奖纪录片中直接和中国相关的只有《颖州的孩子》和《从毛泽东到莫扎特：1979年斯坦在中国》两部,但介入角度较为片面和受到限制,只能是一种隔着车窗的“观看”。由于缺乏双向与全面的真实沟通与交流,不仅国外观众对于中国存在隔着车窗的“观看”这样一种不真实的感觉,中国观众对于奥斯卡纪录片的认识也存在偏颇,即中国观众也可能下意识地从中国的视角去理解它们,自身的偏见会使中国观众非理性的设想奥斯卡纪录片一定会蓄意破坏中国形象,从而对其产生偏见,带着“偏见”看“偏见”呈现一种双重偏见。纪录片对于自然与社会的真实记录与再现本身就弥补了奥斯卡过于商业化、娱乐化的缺陷,也是奥斯卡的一种救赎。在多元化的背景下,中国纪录片也应该以自己的特色内容加入到多元化的奥斯卡选题之中,以增加奥斯卡纪录片的全面性和多元性。纵观72年的奥斯卡获奖纪录片,多元化的格局已经形成,但也有进一步发展的空间。中国元素、中国纪录片更多地加入到奥斯卡的行列将是奥斯卡完成自我救赎的不二选择,也是完善其多元化的重要补充。
[Abstract]:Documentary is known as the mirror of human survival, and most countries in the world attach great importance to the cultural heritage function of documentaries. Award-winning. Its production countries mainly in the United States, accounting for 119 (including co-production 10), Britain (11), Germany (2), France (9), the Netherlands (3), plus (5) and other major developed countries have won the prize, China, India, Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Mexico and other developing countries have also won one.
Judging from the award rules over the years, Oscar has not made too many restrictions on the subject matter, content, producer's country or even the form of expression of the documentary. This relatively open rule realizes the incorporation of Oscar documentaries and guarantees the diversity of its works from the institutional level.
The Academy Award-winning documentary must theoretically be non-fictional, covering cultural, artistic, historical, social, scientific, economic and other fields. It emphasizes facts and non-fiction. In this case, documentary is the shooting of real events, can use part of the scene reproduction, film materials, stills, animation, single shot and other shooting techniques. "As you can see from the rules, the basic requirement of this definition is" non-fiction ", for the specific means of production is not too limited. Therefore, whether documentary can be given one. This paper holds that a documentary is a reappearance of an objective object and a non-fictional record.
Documentary can record the history of major events. Although not all documentaries are mirror-like records, Oscar-winning documentaries are closely related to contemporary societies, whether it is war-torn video records, turbulent social life or the post-911 era, which broadens the horizons of social pluralism. Academy Award-winning documentary diversification. Academy Award has made a lot of outstanding documentary films, but also a large number of documentary directors. Academy Award-winning documentary directors and the documentary itself also manifested diversification, there are more than 100 different skin color, gender, cultural background directors were awarded.
Oscar awards are essentially a commercial means of film promotion, but since the launch of the documentary awards, many award-winning documentaries have condensed contemporary history, as well as prospects for the future. Continue to be highlighted.
Because of its documentary nature, 145 documentaries can give contemporary America and the world a basically complete picture of society. Whether it is war, or the environment, health care, homosexuality, poverty issues. The diversity of Oscar documentary topics is an important guarantee for the diversification of the "global village" of mutual vision.
The diversification of Oscar-winning documentaries is not only reflected in the content and topics, but also in the pluralistic development trend and the obvious change of narrative style, from the early Grierson-style documentary narrative teaching to the objective observation of direct film as the main form. Academy Award-winning documentaries have undergone a change in narrative style. Internationalized and commercial documentaries do not violate Oscar's rules for documentary selection, but also conform to American traditional ideas and mainstream culture. Documentary film is an important aspect of the diversification pattern, in which the direct film form of documentary film is a "zero" record, and the new documentary film is doped with more subjective factors.
Oscar is originally a domestic award in the United States, it should be said that there is no inevitable connection with China, but in the situation of globalization and diversification, especially the documented Film Awards have long adhered to the principle of openness, Oscar for China has a certain impact and contact.
Since the opening of the Academy Award for Documentary Film, China has formed a diversified pattern intentionally or unintentionally. China, with its important position in the international community and the diversity of thematic resources, should also be an important part of the "diversification".
The only documentaries directly related to China in the Academy Award-winning movies are "Yingzhou Children" and "From Mao Zedong to Mozart: Stan in China in 1979". However, the perspective of intervention is one-sided and limited, and can only be a "viewing" through the window. Due to the lack of two-way and comprehensive real communication, not only foreign audiences are concerned about it. There is an unreal feeling of "watching" through the car window in China, and the Chinese audience's understanding of Oscar documentaries is biased, that is, Chinese audiences may subconsciously understand them from a Chinese perspective, and their own prejudices will make Chinese audiences irrationally assume that the Oscar documentaries will deliberately destroy China. As a result, the image is prejudiced and prejudiced with prejudice.
Documentary documentary for the true record and reproduction of nature and society itself to make up for the defects of the Oscar too commercial, entertainment, but also a salvation of the Oscar. In the context of diversification, Chinese documentary should also be added to the diversified Oscar theme with its own characteristics, in order to increase the overall Oscar documentary. Sex and diversity.
Throughout the 72-year Academy Award-winning documentary, the diversification pattern has been formed, but there is room for further development.
【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：J952

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