汉语言语交际中语用策略的博弈论分析

发布时间：2018-02-02 02:07

本文关键词： 语用策略博弈论效用和收益最优选择　出处：《山西大学》2012年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：语用策略是交际者达到自己交际目的的有效手段。Verschueren认为话语中的策略是在意义产生过程中起连接显性含义和隐含义的作用。关于语用策略的研究主要分布在不同的领域,如外语教学,商务谈判,外交事务和日常会话等等。这些研究都是从语用学的一些理论角度来分析特定语境中的策略特点。而本文将博弈理论思想引入对话语的分析。本文以语料为基础,运用博弈论中的策略思维来分析一些场合中的汉语会话策略的选择,主要采用定性的研究方法。运用博弈思维来分析话语中的策略主要是研究选择以及选择的最优性问题。面对一个问题,回答者有很多回答可以选择,我们称之为策略集。回答者依据会话时的语境,说话者本人的目的,预期效用,对方的反应,权势地位等因素,对这些策略进行选择,同时结合对方可能进行的选择来做出效用的权衡。最终是基于对方的可能选择和自身的效用或收益而进行选择。作为博弈中最为重要的因素之一,策略在会话中的分析运用能科学合理帮助会话双方进行收益权衡,这也是本文的创新之处。文章全面的阐述了会话中最为典型的一些策略,包括直接和间接策略。直接策略阐明最常见最有效的两种方式：直接打断和直接拒绝。这两种方式是在一定的语境中使用相对较多的策略。例如在一些外交场合,直接策略能够准确地表达交际者的意图和目的,能够表达自己鲜明的立场,不会模棱两可更不会产生歧义。间接策略则分为委婉,模糊,修辞,自贬,歧义,故意曲解和转移话题。在语料基础上,文章分析了在特定语境形势下会话双力如进行博弈并选择最优策略从而使收益最高。由于交际过程中交际目的的不一致,导致交际会有一些“冲突”,因此间接策略才会被交际者频繁采用。尽管间接策略有时不一定会被交际者识别其隐含的真正意图,但是作为表达交际意图的有效交际手段,间接策略仍然是广泛被采用的策略。出于各种原因,交际者常常会采用间接策略。例如间接拒绝,避免使用否定词以减缓直接拒绝所带来的“冲击”。间接拒绝可以采用的策略有：歧义,故意曲解,修辞,回避以及模糊等等。间接策略不同于直接策略,它在汉语交际中使用的频率较大。由于中国文化及中国人的含蓄特点,汉语交际有一个明显区别于英语交际的特点：模糊性。中国人表达自己的目的通常不会很直白的说出来,而是采用含蓄的方式用汉语的隐含意思来表达。但是在具体的语境中,由于交际目的的冲突性,交际双方也在进行着语言博弈,通过对语境的把握和判断以及交际双方的博弈,交际者采用最优的方式来达到其最多的收益。文章还阐述了语用策略的功能。语用策略的使用提高了话语的效用,让话语更有力的表达出说话者的意图,并且有助于达到会话双方策略的最优性。语用策略的使用,常常会带给人们幽默的效果,使得会话更融洽有效的进行。由于中国文化强调含蓄之美,语言也不可避免有着这一特点。在实际交往中,会话双方为了礼貌、保全面子、避免尴尬,常常会使用一些修辞,模糊,歧义等语用策略以求更好的达到交际的目的。
[Abstract]:Pragmatic strategy is.Verschueren effective communicators to achieve their communicative purpose in discourse strategy is generated between explicit meaning and implicit meaning of the role in the process of significance. Research on pragmatic strategies mainly distributed in different areas, such as language teaching, business negotiation, foreign affairs and daily conversation and so on. These studies are to analyze the characteristics of strategy in a specific context from the perspective of pragmatics theory. The game theory is introduced into the analysis of discourse. This paper is based on the corpus, using the thinking strategy in game theory to analyze Chinese Conversational Strategies in some occasions in the selection, mainly adopts qualitative research methods.
Application of game theory in strategy mainly solves the problem of optimality. Faced with a problem, there are many respondents can choose to answer, we call the strategy set. Answer according to conversation context, the speaker himself, with the expected effect, the reaction of the other side, power factor so, the selection of these strategies, combined with other possible weighing options to make the utility. Finally is based on each other and may choose their own utility or benefits to choose. As the most important factor in the game, strategy analysis in the session can use scientific and reasonable income to help the two sides of the conversation the trade-off, which is the innovation of this paper.
This paper describes some of the most typical strategy in the session, including direct and indirect strategies. The most common and most effective strategies directly illustrates two ways: direct interruption and direct refusal. The two way is to use more strategies in certain contexts. For example in some diplomatic occasions, the direct method can accurately the expression of the communicator's intention and purpose, to express their distinct position, not more ready to accept either course avoiding ambiguity.
Indirect strategies include euphemism, fuzzy rhetoric, self deprecating, ambiguity, deliberate misinterpretation and transferring topics in the corpus. On the basis of the analysis in the context of situation such as game and double session to choose the optimal strategy so that the highest income. Because the communicative purpose in the process of communication is not the same, will lead to communication there are some "conflict", so the strategy will be indirect communication. Despite the frequent use of indirect strategies sometimes will not necessarily be communicative recognition the implied true intentions, but as an expression of effective means of communication communication intention, indirect strategy is still widely used.
For various reasons, people often use indirect strategy. For example, indirect refusal, avoid using negative words to reduce direct refusal caused by "shock". The indirect methods can be used: ambiguity, deliberate misinterpretation, rhetoric, and so on. The indirect fuzzy avoidance strategy is different from the direct strategies are more frequently used in Chinese communication. Due to the implicit characteristics of China culture and Chinese, Chinese communication has a significantly different from English communicative features: fuzziness. Chinese express their purpose is usually not very straightforward to say, which is the implicit way with Chinese implied expression. But in the specific context because of the conflict, communication, communication between the two sides in the game through the game of language, context and grasp the judgment and communication of both communicators using the optimal way. To its maximum benefit.
The paper also elaborates on the pragmatic strategies. Use of pragmatic strategies to improve the effectiveness of discourse, let the words expressing the speaker's intention is more powerful, the optimality and contribute to both sides of the conversation. The strategy to achieve the use of pragmatic strategies, often bring people the effect of humor, makes the conversation more harmonious and effective because. China culture emphasizes subtle beauty, language inevitably has this feature. In actual intercourse, both sides of the conversation in order to save face, politeness, to avoid embarrassment, often use some rhetoric, fuzzy, ambiguity and pragmatic strategies in order to better achieve the purpose of communication.

【学位授予单位】：山西大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H13

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