《说文解字》“误释字”研究

发布时间：2018-03-16 18:08

本文选题：《说文解字》　切入点：“误释字”　出处：《河北大学》2012年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：《说文解字》是东汉时期的作品，是当时的“现代成果”，成书是为解经，不是后代的“字表”、“字编”，更不是“诂林”，它反映了当时的历史环境和作者许慎的知识水平。到今天，社会生活、思想文化较之当时可谓天壤之隔，加之历代学者的不断研究和百年来大批先秦古文字材料的新发现以及古文字学的发展，今天研读《说文》，我们必定会发现很多“不妥当”甚至“错误”的地方，这就是我们所指称的“误释字”。本文即对这些字进行字形和释义上的阐释，解释其“误”之所在。文章共分九个部分：绪论对文章的研究对象、研究现状以及研究方法等问题作了详细说明。第一章介绍了许慎著作《说文》的相关背景，涉及到了当时的文字面貌以及学术界的争论，这有助于我们对许慎著书局限性的理解以及对《说文》的整体把握。第二、三章我们按照从殷商甲骨文、两周金文、战国简帛文字的发展脉络梳理小篆字形，在学术界已经讨论到的677字之外重新解释了《说文》中170个字形，并将析形存在的问题概括为十一类，其形成原因有三：一是字形讹变；二是字形无误，但许慎对各部件的意义不甚了解；三是许慎主观整理而做出的不合理的调整。第四章论述了《说文》释义方面存在的主要问题。东汉时期，词义学理论尚不健全，许慎对本义、引申义、假借义还没有十分清晰的界定，再加上对声训的使用过宽，导致了《说文》释义方面存在一定的混乱。第五章论述了道家思想对许慎文字观的影响。汉代早期，道家思想盛行。老子对“一”的解释，不仅于王道思想无碍，对后世世界观的影响也很大，因此许慎能够在汉代“重始贵元”的意识之下大胆地引入老子的观点。而老子关于世间“四大”的理论，于政治阐释王道思想是极为有益的，因此截取老子之言来解释“大”字。第六章论述儒家和五行思想对许慎文字观的影响。汉代自董仲舒之后“罢黜百家，独尊儒术”，儒家成为汉代的正统思想。而此时的儒家思想已经具有了时代的特色，，他们大肆强调王道，许慎用“三、王、帝”等字构成了一个严密的王道体系，迎合了统治阶级的君权思想。中央集权与社会的尊君以及人们的名节观念息息相关，许慎以玉之五德讲君子之道，符合社会多以“五”定名的观念。而为了达到中央集权的目的，除了政治上的高压政策之外，迷信的愚民手段必不可少，许慎对“示、螟、囏、蟊”等字就完全符合汉代的天人感应观。以儒家思想解释这些字，根本的目的还是为政权服务，许慎即便有按学术原则析形解义的想法，恐怕也难以见许于当时。自汉代《淮南子》将五行思想臻于完善、董仲舒借以大肆阐释人伦准则之后，五行思想对汉代就产生了巨大的影响，《说文》对一些数目字以及天干地支的解释则充分证明了这一点。第七章论述了其他因素对许慎撰著《说文》的影响。附录是《说文》“误释字”一览表，包括学界已经论述和本文的新发现。从表中我们可以看到析形之误和释义之误的具体情况。通过研究，我们认为对《说文解字》，应该从历时与共时相结合的角度予以全面的理解，既要看清由于时代的局限而不可避免的析形释义之误，更要了解它在汉字演变中所起的无可替代的承上启下的作用，充分认识到它为“治小学之津梁”“解经书之管钥”的价值。舍此，皆失之片面。
[Abstract]:< ShuoWenJieZi > is the Eastern Han Dynasty works, was the "modern achievement", the book is not exegesis, "list", "descendants of the word", but not "Gu Lin", which reflects the historical environment and the author of Xu Shen's knowledge level. Today, social life. Culture than the time it combined with the ancient scholars as far apart as heaven and earth, continuous research and development of new found a large number of pre Qin ancient writing materials and paleography for hundreds of years, today we will read < word >, you will find a lot of "inappropriate" and "wrong", this is what we call 'mistake the word ". This paper is the shape and interpretation on the interpretation of these words, explain the" error ".
The article is divided into nine parts: the introduction gives a detailed description of the object of the study, the status of the research and the research methods.
The first chapter introduces the background of Xu Shen works < Shuowen >, involves the word outlook and argument in academic circles, it is helpful for us to understand the limitations of Xu Shen book of < > Shuowen and overall grasp.
The second, third chapter we follow the two weeks from the Shang Oracle, bronze inscriptions, the Warring States BambooSilk text reviewing Xiaozhuan shape, 677 words in the academic circles have been discussed to the outside to explain the 170 glyph "Shuowen", and will analyse the problems summarized as eleven categories, its forming reasons are three: one is erroneous forms; two is "correct, but Xu Shen do not understand the meaning of each component is three; Xu Shen made unreasonable arrangement of subjective adjustments.
The fourth chapter discusses the main problems of Shuowen > < interpretation. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the meaning of theory is not perfect, Xu Shen of the original meaning, extended meaning, under the guise of righteousness not yet defined very clearly, coupled with the use of shengxun is too wide, resulting in "there is a degree of confusion. The interpretation of Shuowen >
The fifth chapter discusses the influence of Taoism on Xu Shen's view on character. The early Han Dynasty, Taoism prevailed. Lao Tzu explanations of "one", not only in the way thought without problems, influence on the later world view is also great, so Xu Shen can introduce Lao Tzu under the Han Dynasty "restart your element" consciousness of bile the point of view. And Lao Tzu on world of the "big four" theory in political interpretation way thought is extremely useful, so the interception Lao Tzu words to explain the word "big".
The sixth chapter discusses the Confucian thought and five lines of text on Xu Shen. The influence of Han Dynasty since Dong Zhongshu "deposed 100, only Confucianism", Confucianism became the orthodox ideology of Han Dynasty. While the Confucianism has the characteristics of the times, they have stressed the king, Xu Shen "three, Wang Di," and the word form a strict system to meet the king, the ruling class of the monarchical centralization and social ideology. Monarch and people's honor concept is closely related to Xu Shen jade five tell gentleman, with society with "Five" "concept. In order to achieve the purpose of centralization, in addition to high pressure policy politically, the superstition of the essential means of obscurantism, Xu Shen", Ethopia, Jian, Mao "totally accords with the Han Dynasty. The concept of heaven and man of Confucian thought in the interpretation of these words, the fundamental purpose is for the regime, Xu Shen Even according to the academic analysis of the principle of righteousness form solution idea, I am afraid it is difficult to see Xu in at that time. Since the Han Dynasty "Huainan sub > five line of thought on the consummation, after which Dong Zhongshu wantonly interpretation of human relations standards, five lines of thought of the Han Dynasty had a huge impact on some number > < Shuowen and explain. This is fully proved this point.
The seventh chapter discusses the influence of other factors on Xu Shen writing < Shuowen >.
The appendix is < > "Shuowen misexplain" list, including the newly discovered scholars have discussed and the specific situation. We can see from the table of shape error and interpretation errors.
Through the research, we think that the < ShuoWenJieZi >, should from diachronic and synchronic perspective to a comprehensive understanding, not only to see the limitations of the times and analyse the inevitable mistakes of interpretation, to understand it in the Chinese characters in the evolution of the irreplaceable role, fully aware of it "in the" primary school Jinliang "understand the classics of key value. There are one-sided.

【学位授予单位】：河北大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H161

【参考文献】