现代汉语反向方位词的不对称现象研究

发布时间：2018-03-24 19:34

本文选题：方位词　切入点：上-下　出处：《黑龙江大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：汉语语法学界对方位词的研究较多，但对反向方位词的不对称性关注较少，对于不对称的解释大多从使用频率这单一角度寻找动因。本文以“上-下、左-右、前-后、里-外”这四组使用频率极高的单纯方位词为代表，从各组词的原型、核心语义为切入点，考察各自出现的环境，通过对比的方法，用大量的例证系统地描述了这四对方位词对称和不对称的规律和表现，继而从认知心理学、标记理论、语义隐喻学、频率效应理论和民族文化心理等多个角度对这些不规则和不对称现象加以解释。本文共分为三大部分。第一部分为绪论，根据方位词的特点对其进行重新的界定，指出本文所研究的方位词是名词下的一个小类，表示位置和方向，主要作用附在体词性成分之后；另外对前人有关方位词不对称性研究总体回顾，指出不足。第二部由五章构成，是论文的主体。其中第一至第三章为同范畴内方位词的不对称现象研究，首先以单组词为模块，由原型图示分析核心意义，探讨其引申含义，最终对比出各组词对称和不对称的情况，并分别给出相应的理论依据。第四章是各组反向方位词的特殊使用情况说明，具体包括方位词在介词框架中的隐现机制及原因阐释；交叉使用的相关表现及有关解释；不对称引起的偏误类型及成因分析，也是本文的独特之处。第五章从语言内部和语言外部两个方面总体给出现代汉语反向方位词不对称的原因，力求为语言学中研究其它不对称现象的人提供相关的参考。最后一部分为结语。在这篇论文中，我们认为，以“上-下”为例，不对称的体现形式有三种：一是有“上而无下”产生的不对称；二是“有下而无上”导致的不对称，这两种情况或者是语言中真的没有相应的搭配，或者是语言中有其它词语承担了这部分的对称，，从而产生了“有此无彼”的不对称；三是形式对称而意义不对称或者不完全对称的形式。对于不对称的原因我们也得出如下结论：从语言内部来看，不对称受构词因素、词语的隐现及词义的制约，也受方位词隐喻角度的不平衡性和其他词语搭配能力的影响，其中由隐现产生的不对称主要涉及方位词“里-外、上-下”两组，主要和与之搭配的介词、动词、名词有关；从语言外部来看，不对称受客观现实世界的不对称、汉民族固有的文化心理、语用频率效应和认知心理因素的制约。留学生在使用这四组方位词常出现偏误，偏误的原因主要体现在语音、语法和语义这三个方面，本文都逐一进行了分析。
[Abstract]:There are many researches on locative words in Chinese grammatical circles, but less attention is paid to the asymmetry of reverse locative words. The explanation of asymmetry is mostly based on the single angle of frequency of use. These four groups, which are represented by the extremely high frequency of locale words, from the prototype of each group of words and the core semantics as the starting point, examine the environment in which they appear, and through the method of comparison, This paper systematically describes the rules and expressions of symmetry and asymmetry of these four pairs of azimuth words with a large number of examples, and then from cognitive psychology, marker theory, semantic metaphor, The theory of frequency effect and national cultural psychology explain these irregular and asymmetrical phenomena. This paper is divided into three parts. The first part is the introduction, according to the characteristics of the azimuth word to redefine it, pointing out that the position word is a sub-category under the noun, indicating the position and direction. The main role is attached to the aspect of part of speech; in addition, the general review of previous studies on the asymmetry of azimuth words points out the deficiency. The second part consists of five chapters. It is the main body of the thesis. In the first to third chapters, we study the asymmetry of the azimuth words in the same category. Firstly, we take the single group of words as the module, and analyze the core meaning by the archetypes, and discuss its extended meaning. Finally, the symmetry and asymmetry of each group of words are compared, and the corresponding theoretical basis is given. The fourth chapter is the special usage of each group of reverse azimuth words, including the mechanism of occult and the explanation of the reason of the position word in the preposition frame; Related manifestations and explanations of cross-use, types of errors caused by asymmetry and analysis of their causes, The fifth chapter gives the reasons for the asymmetry of the reverse orientation words in modern Chinese from the internal and external aspects of the language. The last part is the conclusion. In this paper, we believe that in the case of "upper-bottom", there are three forms of asymmetry: one is that there is asymmetry from "upper but no lower"; the other is asymmetry caused by "having the bottom and being supreme". Either there is no corresponding collocation in the two cases, or some other words in the language bear the symmetry of this part, which results in the asymmetry of "having this or the other"; For the reasons of asymmetry, we draw the following conclusion: from the perspective of language, asymmetry is restricted by word-formation factors, lexical concealment and lexical meaning. It is also influenced by the imbalance of the metaphorical angle of the locative words and the collocation ability of other words, in which the asymmetry produced by the concealed words mainly involves the two groups of the locative words "inside out, top down", mainly related to the prepositions, verbs and nouns matched with them; Viewed from the external language, asymmetry is restricted by the asymmetry of the objective real world, the inherent cultural psychology, pragmatic frequency effect and cognitive psychological factors of the Han nationality. The main causes of errors are phonological, grammatical and semantic aspects, which are analyzed one by one in this paper.
【学位授予单位】：黑龙江大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H146

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