“以上”、“以下”传统的规范用法

发布时间：2018-04-13 23:13

本文选题：汉语 + 古代汉语　；参考：《宁夏大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2011年04期

【摘要】：汉语"以上"、"以下"两个语言形式的使用,从上古汉语到现在,已经几千年。在古代汉语里,这两个语言形式的表义始终是明确的,用法一直是规范的。白话运动以后,逐渐出现混乱。改革开放以来,混乱现象越来越严重,所造成的社会危害越来越大,又成了非规范化不可的词语。面对今天"以上"和"以下"使用中的混乱及其所造成的严重危害,我们有必要学习自古以来的传统的规范用法,以促进理解和使用的规范化。汉语"以上"、"以下"传统的规范用法可以分为两大类:一、最早出现的是同名词性成分N组合成N以上和N以下结构表达范围、概数或方位。二、较晚出现的是单独使用表示指代。无论表达范围,还是表达概数或者方位,"以上"和"以下"原本都不是一个词,"上"和"下"都是趋向动词。表达范围的N以上和N以下,就是自N推而上之和自N推而下之,也就是从N往上数和从N往下数,一律包括范围的起点N在内。表达概数的N以上和N以下,就是以N为基数往上升或者往下降,也就是增加或者减少。既然增加或者减少了,而且实际的数字只能有一个,当然就不可能等于原来的基数了。所以,表达概数的N以上和N以下结构不包括所谓本数在内。表达人或者事物所处的方位的N以上和N以下,实际上就是以N为基点往上移或者往下移,既然已经移位,当然也就不可能处于原位了,也就是不包括分界点N在内了。用以上、以下或者以下、以上把具有系列性的事物或数量分割成相互对应的高低两部分,每一部分只划定范围的起点,不划定范围的止点。这是二分法最常见的分割方式,从上古汉语直到现代汉语,贯彻始终。这种分割,高低两部分的起点都相邻接而不重叠,说明两部分的起点都包括在所分割出来的小范围之内。
[Abstract]:It has been thousands of years since ancient Chinese was used in the two language forms of "above" and "below".In ancient Chinese, the meaning of the two forms was always clear and the usage was standard.After the vernacular movement, chaos gradually appeared.Since the reform and opening up, chaos has become more and more serious, resulting in more and more social harm.In the face of the confusion in the use of "above" and "below" today and the serious harm caused by them, it is necessary for us to learn the traditional normative usage since ancient times in order to promote the standardization of understanding and use.The traditional normative usage of "above" and "below" in Chinese can be divided into two categories: first, the first one is that the same noun component N is combined to form the range of expression, the approximate number or the orientation of the structure above and below N.Second, a later appearance is the use of a single reference."above" and "below" are not originally one word, regardless of the scope of expression, or to express an estimate or orientation. "up" and "under" are both directional verbs.The expression range of N above and below N is the sum from N pushing up and down from N, that is, from N to upper number and from N to bottom number, including the starting point N of range.To express an estimate of N above and below N is to increase or decrease from the base of N, that is to say, to increase or decrease.Since it has increased or decreased, and the actual number can only have one, of course, it is impossible to equal the original base.Therefore, the structure above and below N for the expression of an estimate does not include the so-called primitive.To express the position of a person or thing above and below N is actually to move upward or downwards on the basis of N, and since it has been shifted, it is certainly impossible to be in the same position, that is, not including the dividing point N.With the above, the following or the following, the above divides the things or quantities of a series into two corresponding parts, each of which is only the starting point of the range, not the stop point of the range.This is the most common method of dichotomy, from ancient Chinese to modern Chinese, throughout.In this kind of segmentation, the starting points of the two parts are adjacent and not overlapping, indicating that the starting points of the two parts are included in the small scope of the segmentation.
【作者单位】：宁夏大学人文学院;
【分类号】：H136

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