最简方案框架下的英汉存现句研究

发布时间：2018-04-25 23:35

本文选题：存现句 + 虚主语there　；参考：《中南大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：存现句一般用来表达某人或某物的存在,出现或消失。作为人们表达体验的一种普通方式,这种句型几乎被运用于世界上所有的语言之中。关于存现句的典型结构,英语典型存现句是以非重读there开头,汉语以一个方位短语开头。存现句型因涉及一系列理论问题,备受国内外众多学者的关注。学者们从不同视角对存现句进行研究：国外学者努力试图解释英语存现句型中存在的疑问；而国内学者则致力于描述汉语存现句这种特殊的语言现象。然而总体而言,学者们习惯于分别就英汉存现句进行研究,这种句型在两种语言中存在的共性被忽略了。作为跨语言研究的重要内容,本文旨在探索英汉存现句型中各部分成分的句法特征,并以生成语法最简方案为理论工具推导英汉存现句不同句型的生成,最后从推导过程中寻求导致存现句型中各部分成分句法特征的深层原因。本文首先针对存现句的研究核心,即虚主语there,主语,名词短语的非限定性,存现动词及动词后名词短语的授格提出问题。通过回顾前人对存现句的研究以及对英汉存现句生成过程的研究,本文再次考察了存现句型中各部分成分的特征,同时提出对这些成分的设想作为我们研究存现句派生过程的基础工作。最后,本文以最简方案为理论框架,在同一运作机制下从相同的基础结构推导英汉存现句不同句型的派生过程。具体内容如下：本文通过语言证据证明了虚主语there(汉语存现句中不存在),动词后名词组,和方位词组均为存现动词的论元。其中,虚主语there为准域外论元,方位词组为准域内论元,而动词后名词组为非宾格存现动词的真正域内论元。我们假设它们的初始位置都位于VP嵌套结构中相应的三个论元位置。另外,本文假设在分裂CP层位于CP和TP之间有一个存在短语投射(ExP),中心语Ex为功能语类,包含不可解释[+V]特征和[+Loc]特征。另外我们为存现结构设置了一个基础派生结构,并接受了Schiitze (2001)的违约格假设作为解决格问题不得已的方法。在各句型派生过程中,动词后名词短语移位到TP的标志语位置,并通过与T的一致操作获得了主格,相应地,T被赋予了动词后名词短语相同的φ特征(人称和数)。这种操作,既解决了困扰学者们已久动词后名词组的赋格问题,也顺利解释了动词后名词组与谓语动词之间的一致现象。本文以最简方案为理论框架,在没有违反被誉为普遍语法原则之一的"Burzio定律”(Burzio1986))的前提下,成功推导了所有英汉存现句型的生成,其意义不仅证明了我们对存现结构中各成分句法特征分析的正确性(因为基于错误的基础,推导将肯定失败)；而且推导的过程也揭示了存现结构中各成分具有某些特殊特征的深层原因,从而可以帮助我们更好的理解英汉存现句型。此外,我们的研究结果表明英汉存现句的差异主要在于汉语缺少英语存现句中对应的虚主语there,因此是一种词库差异,从而佐证了Chomsky(2001)的设想,即语言的差异主要来自于词库的差异。
[Abstract]:The existential sentence is generally used to express the existence, appearance, or disappearance of someone or something. As an ordinary way of expressing experience, this sentence pattern is almost used in all languages in the world. As for the typical structure of existential sentences, the typical English existential sentence begins with a non rereading there, and the Chinese begins with a azimuth phrase.
As a result of a series of theoretical problems, the existential sentence pattern has attracted much attention from many scholars both at home and abroad. Scholars have studied existential sentences from different perspectives: foreign scholars try to explain the questions in English existential sentences, while domestic scholars are devoted to describing the special language phenomenon of Chinese existential sentences. People are used to studying English and Chinese existential sentences respectively. The commonness of such sentence patterns in the two languages is neglected.
As an important part of cross language research, this paper aims to explore the syntactic features of all parts of the existential sentence patterns in English and Chinese, and deduce the formation of different sentence patterns in English and Chinese existential sentences with the theory of generating the simplest scheme of grammar. Finally, the deep reasons for the syntactic features of each part of the existential sentence are sought from the process of derivation.
This paper first focuses on the core of the existential sentence, namely, the virtual subject there, the subject, the non restrictive of the noun phrase, the existential verb and the granting of the noun phrase after the verb. By reviewing the predecessors' research on the existential sentence and the study of the process of generating the existential sentences in English and Chinese, this article examines the characteristics of the components of the existential sentence patterns again. At the same time, the idea of these components is put forward as the basic work of studying the derivation of existential sentences. Finally, the derivation of the different sentence patterns of English and Chinese existential sentences is derived from the same basic structure under the same operating mechanism in the same operating mechanism.
The specific contents are as follows:
This paper proves that the virtual subject there (Chinese existential sentence does not exist), the verb post name phrase and the azimuth phrase are all the existential verbs, among which the virtual subject there is the quasi extraterritorial element, the azimuth phrase is the quasi domain argument, and the post verb noun group is the true inner argument of the non bingg existential verb. We assume that the verb noun group is the real domain argument. The initial locations are in the three argument positions corresponding to the VP nested structure.
In addition, this paper assumes that there is a phrase projection (ExP) between the split CP layer between CP and TP, and the central language Ex is a functional class, including the non interpretable [+V] features and the [+Loc] features. In addition, we set up a basic derivative structure for the existential structure and accept the default lattice hypothesis of Schiitze (2001) as a party to solve the problem of the lattice problem. Law.
In the process of derivation of each sentence pattern, the verb noun phrase is shifted to the marker position of the TP, and the main lattice is obtained by the same operation as T. Accordingly, T is given the same Phi characteristics (person and number) of the noun phrase after the verb. This operation not only solves the Fugue problem of the noun group that has puzzled the scholars for a long time, but also explains it smoothly. The consistent phenomenon between noun group and predicate verb.
This paper, taking the simplest scheme as the theoretical framework, successfully derives the generation of all English and Chinese existential sentence patterns without violating the "Burzio law" (Burzio1986), which is one of the principles of universal grammar. Its significance not only proves the correctness of the analysis of the characteristics of each component sentence method in the existential structure, because it is based on the basis of error. The derivation also reveals the deep causes of some special features in the existential structure, which can help us to better understand the English and Chinese existential sentence patterns. In addition, our research results show that the difference between English and Chinese existential sentences is mainly due to the lack of the corresponding virtual subject ther in the English existential sentence in Chinese. E, therefore, is a kind of lexicon difference, thus supporting the assumption of Chomsky (2001), that is, the difference of language mainly comes from the difference of thesaurus.

【学位授予单位】：中南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H314;H146

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