英汉虚拟运动的认知分析

发布时间：2018-05-12 00:15

本文选题：虚拟运动 + 视觉主体　；参考：《南京大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：虚拟运动的研究是认知语言学与心理语言学中一个相对较新的话题。语言学家Talmy最早注意到这个有趣的现象,他注意揭示语言与感知系统的共同点,并且指出,对同一个物体,人的脑海中会产生两种不同的认识：一种是真实的,一种是虚拟的。“虚拟”这个词被用来指代人的认知想象能力,换句话说,虚拟运动就是人们想象出的物体的位移。其他学者如langacker, Mastumoto和Matlock等也对虚拟运动作出过解释。 Talmy在他的理论框架下对虚拟运动做出了较为详细的描述和解释,以往对虚拟运动表达的分类多以他的框架为基础,按照路径的不同进行划分。但这种描述性分类概括性不足,将其直接移植到汉语的分析中值得商榷。认知语法在认知操作过程方面的解释力更胜一筹。Langacker指出,虚拟运动代表了一种通过对客观场景的主观识解而引起的语义转变,进而分析了一些语法化现象。人们通过主观识解,可以将一些直接经验抽离出来,并且将它们运用到其他事物的理解上。虚拟运动的产生就是由于人们将运动的经验移植到对静止事物的理解中。本文根据视觉主体,视觉客体,以及视觉主体的视线的不同状态对虚拟运动表达进行了分类。虚拟运动表达可以归类为三种情况：一、视觉主体客观上运动；二、视觉主体的视线运动(此种类型又分为两种情况：一是视觉主体和客体保持不动,主体视线跟随一个想象出的物体运动；二是静止的视觉客体被想象为运动的物体)；三、视觉主体本身和其视线同时运动。在此分类的基础上,本文对有关道路的虚拟运动表达进行了探究。通过英汉语料库的对比,两种语言在道路虚拟运动表达方面的异同点得以显现。在第一类中,两种语言有相似的限制。但是,在数量和分布方面,二者展示出了不同的特点。首先,英语中有关道路的虚拟运动表达远远多于汉语；其次,汉语的道路虚拟表达在第二类的第二种情况和第三类中没有出现,而英语在每一类都有相应的表达；再次,在英语的道路虚拟运动表达中,一些动词的出现频率远远高于其他动词,而汉语则分布相对平均。对于这些异同点,本文做出了相应的解释。虚拟运动的产生来源于人们对世界的主观识解,因此,它在英语和汉语中的普遍存在是非常合理的,汉语语料中发现的例子证明了汉语虚拟运动表达的存在。识解的主观化是虚拟运动表达存在的基础,英汉虚拟在语料中的普遍存在证明了虚拟运动表达并不局限于某种语言。而对于第一类虚拟运动表达中英语和汉语所共有的限制,可以从格式塔心理学的角度来解释。小的、完整的、运动的物体容易被当做图形,而大的、不完整的、静止的物体容易被当做背景。在某种情况下,人们付出认知努力可以扭转这种认识,但是,当背景足够大时,这种转变不易产生。英语和汉语在第二类和第三类虚拟运动表达中所展现出的不同可能是由于汉语使用者和英语使用者在扫描方式上有差别。英语使用者比汉语使用者更多地采用了顺序扫描的方式,因而他们的虚拟运动表达更加丰富。而也因如此,一些动词被经常的运用在虚拟运动表达中,进而被固定下来,成为特定的表达,产生本义之外的含义。这解释了为何在英语道路虚拟运动中,某些动词的频率远远高于其他动词。而在汉语中,由于虚拟运动出现的频率相对较低,一些表达未固化,因而动词的分布的差异不像英语那样明显。对于道路虚拟运动的研究只是虚拟运动研究的一部分,并不能全面展示英语和汉语在虚拟运动表达上的异同。但是,它为以后的研究提供了素材,也为一些翻译和二语习得方面的研究提供了帮助。
[Abstract]:The study of virtual motion is a relatively new topic in cognitive linguistics and psycholinguistics. Linguist Talmy first noticed this interesting phenomenon. He noticed the common point of language and perception, and pointed out that there are two different kinds of understanding in the brain of the same object: one is real, one is Virtual. The word "virtual" is used to refer to the cognitive imagination of people. In other words, virtual motion is the displacement of the objects that people imagine. Other scholars, such as Langacker, Mastumoto, and Matlock, have also explained the virtual movement.
Talmy has made a more detailed description and explanation of the virtual movement under his theoretical framework. The previous classification of the expression of virtual motion is based on his framework and divided according to the different paths. But this descriptive classification is short of generality, and it is questionable to transplant it directly into Chinese analysis. Cognitive grammar is in cognitive exercise. The explanatory power of the process is better than.Langacker points out that the virtual movement represents a semantic change caused by the subjective understanding of the objective scene, and then analyzes some grammaticalization phenomena. Through subjective understanding, people can draw out some direct experiences and apply them to the understanding of other things. The emergence of quasi motion is due to the transfer of experience in motion to the understanding of still things.
This paper classifies the expression of virtual motion according to the different states of visual subject, visual object and visual subject. The expression of virtual motion can be classified into three situations: one, the objective motion of the visual subject; two, the vision motion of the visual subject (this type is divided into two situations: one is the visual subject and the object guarantee. " Holding, the main line of sight follows an imaginary object movement; two is a static visual object being imagined as a moving object); three, the visual subject itself and its line of sight are simultaneously moving. On the basis of this classification, this article explores the expression of the virtual motion of the road. Through the comparison of Chinese and English materials, the two languages are in the road. There are similarities and differences in the expression of the road virtual movement. In the first category, the two languages have similar limitations. However, the two show different characteristics in terms of quantity and distribution. First, the expression of virtual motion in English is far more than that in Chinese; secondly, the virtual expression of the Chinese language in the second categories of the second cases. And there is no appearance in the third class, but English is expressed in every category. Again, in the expression of English Road virtual motion, the frequency of some verbs is much higher than that of other verbs, while Chinese is relatively average.
As for these similarities and differences, this paper makes a corresponding explanation. The creation of virtual motion is derived from the subjective understanding of the world. Therefore, its universal existence in English and Chinese is very reasonable. The examples found in Chinese language materials prove the existence of the expression of virtual motion in Chinese. The subjectivying of understanding is the existence of virtual motion expression. The universal existence of English and Chinese fictitious language proves that the expression of virtual motion is not limited to a certain language. The limitations of English and Chinese in the first kind of virtual motion expression can be explained from the perspective of Gestalt psychology. Small, complete, moving objects are easy to be treated as graphics, but large and incomplete. In some cases, people pay a cognitive effort to reverse this understanding, but when the background is large enough, this transformation is not easy to produce. The difference in the expression of English and Chinese in the second and third types of virtual movements can be attributed to the scanning of the Chinese and English users. There are differences in the way. English speakers use more sequential scans than Chinese users, thus their virtual movement is more abundant. And so, some verbs are often used in the expression of virtual motion, which are fixed, become specific expressions, and produce meaning outside the meaning. This explains why In English Road virtual movement, the frequency of some verbs is much higher than that of other verbs. In Chinese, the frequency of the virtual movement is relatively low and some of the expressions are not solidified, so the difference of the distribution of verbs is not as obvious as that in English.
The study of road virtual movement is only part of the research of virtual motion, and it can not fully demonstrate the similarities and differences between English and Chinese in the expression of virtual motion. However, it provides material for future research, and also provides help for some translation and two language acquisition.

【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H04

【参考文献】