汉语“为了”“因为”用法比较研究

发布时间：2018-05-12 04:19

本文选题：“为了” + “因为”　；参考：《中南民族大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：虚词研究历来是汉语语法研究的热门之一。连词和介词是汉语虚词的两个大类，产生和发展又有自身的特点。但汉语中对于表原因用法的“为了”，各家著文立说，各持己见。“为了”这个词是一个兼表介词和连词的，可见在用法上不免有纠葛之处；再者，，就参照系“因为”而言，它也是一个兼表介连词性的虚词。因此，汉语中“为了”既可表示原因，又可表示目的，这与专表原因的“因为”在使用过程中就产生了不少混乱的现象。究其原因在于：（1）语言中目的关系内在隐含着因果性，同因果关系既有联系又有区别。目的关系主要表现为主观倾向性，含有预期性及能动性；而因果关系表现为客观倾向性，不含有预期性及能动性。（2）“为了”和“因为”这两个词都兼有连介功能。这两个词的共同特点是不管作连词还是介词，表示原因（或目的）的意义没有什么变化，不同的只是语法功能，一定程度上也制约了二者在分工上的明确性。（3）从历时的角度来看，“为了”和“因为”都是从先秦的实词“为”和“因”通过语法化的过程虚化而来的，随着汉语词汇逐渐复音化的趋势，“为”和“因”逐渐被复音词“为了”、“因为”所取代。由于“为”的功能未分化，使得“为了”和“因为”在语法功能上又有相似之处。在现代汉语中，“为了”和“因为”在很多情况下可以互换，而且似乎差别不大。但它们既然是两个有着不同语形的词，且同时存在，就必然有不同的意义差别，有不同的作用和表达效果。然而，这个问题现代汉语语法学界的讨论还不多。本文正是基于这一实践需要而撰写。本文所讨论的“为了”与“因为”的用法比较，是指“为了”的因事用法与专表原因的“因为”在汉语中的使用情况的比勘。第一章主要从理论上来讨论原因、目的两个概念，并试着从哲学和语言表达两个层面来解释目的关系与因果关系之间存在的联系和区别，以便对后文关于“为了”与“因为”用法上是否替换的问题打下理论基础。第二章主要是对“为了”的介连词性进行分析和界定。首先从理论上来界定介词和连词，以及这两类词的区别所在，为“为了”和“因为”这两个兼类词自身存在的隐性差异提供了理论依据。其次从“为了”的介连词性分析入手，来界定“为了”所介引对象以及与所介引成分之间构成介词结构时对对象的选择，从而来判定何种情况下，“为了”是作介词还是作连词。第三章着力于对“因为”及相关格式的研究。首先从“因”的意义入手，分析它表原因时的介连用法；接着再结合“因为”在汉语中的句法表现形式来判定它作介词或连词时的句法特征和语义功能。第四章主要分析因事“为了”与“因为”用法比较。这一章首先从“为”的义项及表原因的用法入手，指出“为了”表示原因的用法与其表目的相比所占比率很少的事实。接着再从“为了”的具体语义来分析其与“因为”混用的情况，进而探讨了二者在使用上的交错现象。顾名思义，这一章我们是在明确了“为了”与“因为”各自表原因时的词性基础上展开论述的。第五章从历时角度来探讨“为了”、“因为”虚词用法的产生与发展。通过大量语言事实的分析得出“因、因为”表示原因，“为、为了/着”表示目的的分工是近二百年间的变化，不管是介词还是连词都有双音化发展，是受到汉语词汇双音化“沿流”的影响。揭示了现代汉语中之所以在运用上“为了”和“因为”会产生混乱，是因为“为”的功能未分化而造成的。最后一章是结论。本章对本文的研究内容进行总结，指出论文的创新之处的同时还提出了论文本身存在的不足（即目前尚未解决的需要进一步研究的问题）。
[Abstract]:The study of the function words has always been one of the hot topics in the study of Chinese grammar. Conjunctions and prepositions are two major categories of Chinese function words, and their production and development have their own characteristics. There are some tangled points; moreover, it is also a function word in terms of the word character of the reference system. Therefore, the "for" in Chinese can not only express the reason but also express the purpose, which causes a lot of confusion in the course of the use of the cause of the special table. The reason is that:
(1) the purpose relationship in the language is implicitly implied and causality, and there are both connections and differences in causality. The purpose of the relationship is mainly subjective tendency, which contains anticipation and activeness, while causality is an objective tendency, without anticipation and activity.
(2) both of the two words "for" and "cause" are both mediating functions. The common characteristics of the two words are that no matter whether they are conjunctions or prepositions, there is no change in the meaning of the cause (or purpose), but the difference is only the grammatical function, to a certain extent, it also restricts the clarity of the two in the division.
(3) from a diachronic point of view, "for" and "because" are both the "for" and "cause" through the process of grammaticalization, with the gradual polysyllabic trend of Chinese vocabulary, "for" and "cause" are gradually replaced by the "for" and "because", because the function of "for" is undifferentiated. There are similarities in grammatical function between "Wei" and "Yin".
In modern Chinese, "for" and "because" can be interchangeable in many cases and seem to have little difference. But since they are two different words with different forms and exist at the same time, there must be different meaning differences, different functions and expression effects. However, this question is not much discussed in the modern Chinese grammar circle. This article is written on the basis of the need for practice.
The comparison of the use of "for" and "cause" in this article refers to the comparison of the use of "for" for the use of "for" and "because" in Chinese.
The first chapter mainly discusses the two concepts of cause and purpose from the theory, and tries to explain the relation and difference between the purpose and the causality from two aspects of philosophy and language expression, so as to lay a theoretical foundation for the later questions about whether the use of "for" and "because" is replaced.
The second chapter is mainly to analyze and define the part of the word "for". First, we define the prepositions and conjunctions in theory, and the difference between the two types of words, and provide the theoretical basis for the hidden differences between the "for" and "because" of the two concurrently words. To determine the choice of objects when the object is introduced to the object and the Prepositional Structure between the introduced components and the mediator, so as to determine in what case, "for" is a preposition or a conjunction.
The third chapter focuses on the study of "cause" and related formats. First, it begins with the meaning of "cause" and analyzes the introduction of its reasons. Then, the syntactic features and semantic power of the prepositions or conjunctions are judged by the syntactic representation of "because" in Chinese.
The fourth chapter mainly analyzes the use of "for" and "cause". This chapter begins with the use of the meaning of "for" and the usage of the cause of the table, and points out the fact that the usage of the reason is very little compared to the purpose of the cause. Then it analyzes the situation of the mixed use of "because" from the specific meaning of "for". Moreover, the interlaced phenomenon of the two is discussed. As the name suggests, we are discussing the part of the word on the basis of the reasons for the "for" and "because".
The fifth chapter discusses the generation and development of the use of "because" and "because" from a diachronic point of view. Through the analysis of a large number of linguistic facts, "because, because" is the cause, the division of labor for the purpose of "for, for" is a change in the last two hundred years, both the prepositions and the conjunctions have diyllabic development, which are Chinese vocabulary pairs. In modern Chinese, the reason why the use of "for" and "because" in the use of chaos in modern Chinese is caused by the undifferentiated function of "for".
The last chapter is the conclusion. This chapter summarizes the research content of this paper, points out the innovation of the paper and also puts forward the shortcomings of the paper itself (that is, the problem that needs further study that is not yet resolved at present).

【学位授予单位】：中南民族大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H146

【参考文献】