基于语料库的留学生高频字词偏误分析

发布时间：2018-05-13 08:06

本文选题：偏误分析 + 高频　；参考：《上海交通大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：汉字——作为世界四大古文字之中惟一一个流转至今却保持鲜活的文字，其文字量和词汇量都非常庞大。并且由于汉字形、音、义三位结合的特点，留学生在学习汉语作为第二语言的时候，普遍感觉到汉字和词语学习的困难。高频字词的研究能够帮助留学生更快更好地走进并熟悉汉语世界。中国人日常使用频度最高的覆盖率高达50%的共计587个字词。准确快速地掌握这587个字词（其中包括汉字偏误226项和词语偏误361项）是留学生快速高效学习汉语的通道，而研究留学生使用这587项字词的偏误情况则是打开这个通道的最佳钥匙。汉字偏误指汉字书写过程中产生的与目标汉字字形和使用所不符的情况。词语偏误是指词语在使用过程中与目标词语用法不符的情况。字词偏误都可归类为错、漏、多三大类。具体而言，汉字偏误可以细化为错字、别字、漏字、多字四个类别。而词语偏误可以细化为错词、漏词、多词三大类。在错、漏、多三大偏误类别中，占比最多的是错误使用，其占比高达87%，也就是说在留学生使用汉语高频字词的时候，将目标字词错误使用成其他字词的情况最为严重。汉字偏误共计226项。偏误中错字数和别字数占比最高，，总计占比错误率的近93%，是留学生错误频发的焦点。而汉字偏误又和笔画及部件紧密相关。从笔画角度看，高频汉字的笔画数主要集中在4~6和7~9两个区间，各笔画区间的偏误率与高频汉字笔画数成正比，即偏误集中于4~6和7~9两个区间。从部件角度看，汉字项半数以上集中于两个部件的组合。词语偏误总项共计361项。其中错词数占总误词数比例最高，为69.45%，是留学生词汇错误频发的焦点区域，需要教学者、学习者和研究者的高度重视。按照词性将词汇偏误情况作进一步分类统计，实词的项数为323项，占比85.68%。虚词的项数为54项，占比14.32%，高频字词中实词的项数远多于虚词。从总体偏误情况看，实词中误词占比最高的三项依次为动词、名词、代词；虚词中误词占比最高的三项依次为连词、副词、介词。从偏误类别看，高频核心汉字的偏误原因可以归结为因笔画问题导致的偏误、因部件问题导致的偏误、因结构问题导致的偏误和因整字问题导致的偏误等四个类别。高频核心词语的偏误类别可以归为词语拆解、同字组词、义近误用、搭配错误、理解方向错误和其他等六大类偏误。两者的偏误原因都可以归结为四个方面，即汉语本身的特殊性和复杂性、学生学习态度和策略的选择、母语迁移因素以及目前对外汉语教学的不足等。
[Abstract]:Chinese characters, the only of the four ancient characters in the world, are still alive. Because of the combination of Chinese character form, sound and meaning, foreign students generally feel the difficulty of learning Chinese characters and words when learning Chinese as a second language. The study of high-frequency words can help foreign students to enter the world of Chinese faster and better. Chinese daily use of the highest frequency of coverage of up to 50% of a total of 587 words. Accurate and rapid mastery of these 587 words (including 226 errors in Chinese characters and 361 items in errors of words) is a channel for foreign students to learn Chinese quickly and efficiently. The errors in the use of these 587 words by foreign students are the best key to the passage. The error of Chinese character refers to the situation which is inconsistent with the form and use of the target Chinese character in the process of writing Chinese characters. Word bias refers to the situation in which the words are not in accordance with the usage of the target words. Word errors can be classified as errors, omissions, more than three categories. Specifically, Chinese character error can be classified into four categories: wrong character, other word, missing word and multi word. Word errors can be classified into three categories: wrong words, missing words and multi-words. In the category of error, omission and error, the largest proportion is wrong use, and the proportion is as high as 87. That is to say, when the foreign students use Chinese high-frequency words, the situation of using target words as other words is the most serious. The number of errors in Chinese characters is 226. Among the errors, the number of wrong words and the number of other words are the highest, and the total error rate is about 93%, which is the focus of foreign students' error frequency. And Chinese character bias and stroke and parts are closely related. From the stroke point of view, the number of strokes in high frequency Chinese characters is mainly concentrated in the two sections of 4Q6 and 7Q9, and the error rate of each stroke interval is proportional to the number of strokes of high frequency Chinese characters, that is, the errors are concentrated in the two intervals of 4Q6 and 7Q9. From the point of view of components, more than half of Chinese characters are concentrated on the combination of two components. The total number of errors in words is 361. Among them, the number of wrong words has the highest proportion in the total number of wrong words, which is 69.45, which is the focus area of the frequent occurrence of vocabulary errors of foreign students, and needs the attention of teachers, learners and researchers. According to the part of speech, the lexical errors are further classified and counted. The number of the items of the actual words is 323, accounting for 85.68%. The number of function words is 54, accounting for 14.32, and the number of notional words in high frequency words is much more than that of function words. According to the general errors, the three items which account for the highest proportion of notional words are verbs, nouns and pronouns in turn, and the three items with the highest proportion in function words are conjunctions, adverbs and prepositions. From the perspective of the category of errors, the causes of the errors of high frequency core Chinese characters can be attributed to the errors caused by stroke problems, by components problems, by structural problems and by the whole character problems. The category of errors of high frequency core words can be classified as six kinds of errors, such as word disassembly, synonym, near misuse of meaning, collocation error, misdirection of understanding and other kinds of errors. The reasons for both errors can be attributed to four aspects, namely, the particularity and complexity of Chinese itself, the choice of students' learning attitude and strategies, the factors of mother tongue transfer and the deficiency of teaching Chinese as a foreign language at present.
【学位授予单位】：上海交通大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：H195

【参考文献】