“X比N还N”的认知语用研究

发布时间：2018-05-19 14:46

本文选题：X比N还 + 句法　；参考：《上海外国语大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：本文在前人研究的基础上，以“他比女人还女人”这类“X比N还N”表达式为研究对象，运用认知语言学、语用学、认知语用学等方面的知识，通过替换、对比、分析、归纳、演绎等语言学研究方法对其进行了句法语义、句法生成、语用理解等方面的研究，意在揭示这类表达式的句法语义特点，解释这类表达式的生成和理解。 “X比N还W”有两种语义，一是表比较，一是表比拟。 “X比N还N”和表比较的“X比N还W”相比，在句法及语义上都有很大的差别：句法上，“X比N还W”中的“N”都不能进入“X比N还N”，“还”可以省略，“X”“N”可以换位而不影响句法上的可接受性。而“X比N还N”中，“还”类副词必须出现，“X”“N”绝不能换位。语义上，“X比N还W”中的“X”“N”必须是同一范畴；“X”可以是定指的，也可以是不定指的；整个表达有逻辑语义真实性的要求。而“X比N还N”中，“X”“N”不要求属于同一范畴，“X”必须是定指的，整个表达在逻辑语义上经常是超事实的。和表比拟的“X比N还W”相比，它们在句法语义上虽有很多相似之处。如，句法上很多表比拟的“X比N还W”中的“N”可以进入“X比N还N”，“X”“N”也不能换位，“还”也必须出现。语义上，，表比拟的“X比N还W”中，“X”“N”也不强求同范畴，“X”也必须是定指的，整个表达在逻辑语义上也是不真实的。但它们还是有区别的，不是同一类表达，因为有些表比拟的“X比N还W”中的“N”不能进入“X比N还N”。通过这样深入细致的对比后，我们发现，“X比N还N”中“X”和“N”在某些特点上具有极大的象似性，“N”其实是“X”的隐喻。“X比N还N”这个表达式语义重心不是比较也不是比拟，而是比喻。 “X比N还N”的生成，有其句法上及认知上的动因。句法上，它是由“X比N还W”这一构式承继而来的，认知上，它是由“N”这一事物的属性空间和“X比N还”这一二物比较空间整合而来的新创结构，因而它具有丰富的浮现意义。 “X比N还N”具有形式简明经济、语义模糊性、丰富性、夸张性等语用效果，但也具有违反合作原则中的数量原则、质量原则、方式原则等语用特点。人们之所以能理解这类表达，是因为话语建构者和话语理解者在认知语境上有共通之处，再加上正常人都具有语用推理的能力。人们正是以认知语境为基础，运用语用推理能力来逼近对“X比N还N”的可能性理解的。当然，这种推理及理解具有很大的个人经验性。
[Abstract]:On the basis of previous studies, this paper takes the "X to N return N" expression of "he is more than a woman" as the research object, and applies the knowledge of cognitive linguistics, pragmatics, cognitive pragmatics and so on, through substitution, comparison, analysis, etc. Inductive, deductive and other linguistic research methods have studied their syntactic semantics, syntactic generation, pragmatic understanding and so on, in order to reveal the syntactic and semantic characteristics of such expressions and to explain their generation and understanding. X is more than N to W, there are two semantics, one is table comparison, the other is table analogy. There is a great difference in syntax and semantics between "X and N return N" and "X than N return W". In syntax, "N" in "X than N return W" cannot enter "X is N back N", "also" can be omitted. X "N" can be transposed without affecting syntactic acceptability. In "X is better than N", adverbs of "return" must appear, "X" N "must not be transposed. Semantically, "X" N "in" X is more than N for W "must be the same category," X "can be definite or indefinite, and the whole expression has the requirement of logical semantic authenticity. In "X is more than N", "X" N "does not require to belong to the same category," X "must be definite, the whole expression is often meta fact in logic semantics. Compared with "X is more than N to W", they have many similarities in syntax and semantics. For example, "N" in "X is more than N" than "N" can enter "X", "X" N "can not be transposed," return "must also appear. Semantically, in "X is more than N", "X" N "does not insist on the same category," X "must also be definite, and the whole expression is not true in logic and semantics. But they are different, not the same class expression, because the "N" in "X is more than N" than "N" in some tables can not enter "X than N to N". Through such a thorough and detailed comparison, we find that "X" and "N" in "X is more than N" have great iconicity in some characteristics. "N" is actually a metaphor for "X". The semantic focus of the expression "X is more N than N" is not comparison or analogy, but metaphor. There are syntactic and cognitive motivations for the generation of X to N. Syntactically, it is inherited from the construction of "X is better than N", and cognitively, it is a new structure that integrates the attribute space of "N" and the comparative space of "X is more than N". Therefore, it has rich emerging significance. "X than N return N" has pragmatic effects such as simple form economy, semantic fuzziness, richness and exaggeration, but it also has pragmatic characteristics such as quantity principle, quality principle, mode principle and so on, which violate the principle of cooperation. The reason why people can understand this kind of expression is that the utterance constructor and the utterance interpreter have the common point in the cognitive context, and the normal people have the ability of pragmatic reasoning. It is on the basis of cognitive context that people approach the possibility of "X to N" by using pragmatic reasoning. Of course, this reasoning and understanding has a lot of personal experience.
【学位授予单位】：上海外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H146

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