中美《望厦条约》签订前后美国人汉语学习的历史考察

发布时间：2018-05-21 16:36

本文选题：中美《望厦条约》 + 美国　；参考：《北京大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：1784年，，美国第一艘来华商船“中国皇后号”抵达广州，揭开了中美两国民间交往的序幕。直至1828年，才出现第一位学会汉语的美国人——威廉·C·亨特。此后，越来越多的美国人来到中国，为在华传教或经商学习中文。而晚清政府严厉禁止外国人的语言学习，为其设置了诸多障碍。这一障碍的突破，始于1844年中美《望厦条约》，在近代中国和列强签订的一系列不平等条约中，它首次加入语言学习条款，要求允许美国人雇请中国教师，购买中国书籍。以《望厦条约》的签订为历史节点，本文在前人相关研究的基础上，对条约签订前后美国人的汉语学习情况进行了考察。首先，文章分析了条约签订前的中美语言交流情况，阐释了中美双方在中文学习上的态度，并考察了亨特、裨治文、伯驾、卫三畏等人的汉语学习经历及相关成就。其次，本文对中美《望厦条约》中有关语言学习的条款进行了分析，指出这不仅是美国人汉语学习的转折点，还带动了其他列强在各自与清政府的不平等条约中加入类似条款。第三，本文考察了《望厦条约》签订后，在华学习汉语的丁韪良、狄考文、卜舫济等人的汉语学习经历及相关成就。第四，文章总结了晚清来华美国人对中国语言的认识，并对他们的中文教师和汉语教材进行了梳理。通过对中美《望厦条约》签订前后美国人汉语学习情况的历史考察，本文认为晚清美国人的汉语学习对今天依然有借鉴意义，一些具体的学习方法和教学理念仍可运用到今天的对外汉语教学实践中。此外，美国人早期的汉语学习推动了美国本土的汉语教学和汉学研究，一批著名大学正是在这批美国早期汉语学习者的支持下，相继开设了汉语或汉学讲座。晚清美国人的汉语学习推动了中美之间的交流，但由于语言学习者角色的转变，他们借助自身语言优势为美国谋利益的同时，损害了中国的利益。
[Abstract]:In 1784, the first American merchant ship, the Queen of China, arrived in Guangzhou, opening up the folk exchanges between China and the United States. It was not until 1828 that the first American to learn Chinese, William C. Hunt, appeared. Since then, more and more Americans have come to China to teach or do business in China. The late Qing government severely prohibited foreigners' language learning, setting up many obstacles for them. The breakthrough of this obstacle began in 1844 with the Treaty of Wang Xia between China and the United States. In a series of unequal treaties signed between modern China and the great powers, it added language learning clauses for the first time, asking Americans to hire Chinese teachers and buy Chinese books. Taking the signing of Wangxia Treaty as a historical node, this paper investigates the Chinese learning of Americans before and after the signing of the Treaty on the basis of previous studies. First of all, the paper analyzes the Sino-American language exchange before the signing of the treaty, explains the attitudes of the two countries in the study of Chinese, and examines the Chinese learning experience and related achievements of Hunter, Paizwen, Bojia, Wei Sanshou and others. Secondly, this paper analyzes the provisions on language learning in the Treaty of Wangxia between China and the United States, and points out that this is not only a turning point for Americans to learn Chinese, but also drives other powers to add similar clauses in their unequal treaties with the Qing government. Thirdly, this paper examines the experiences and achievements of Ding Weiliang, Dickaowen and Bo Fangji who studied Chinese in China after the signing of the Treaty of Wang Xia. Fourth, the article summarizes the understanding of the Chinese language and their Chinese teachers and Chinese teaching materials in the late Qing Dynasty. Through the historical investigation of the Chinese learning situation of Americans before and after the signing of the Treaty of Wang Xia between China and the United States, this paper holds that the Chinese learning of the Americans in the late Qing Dynasty is still of significance for reference today. Some specific learning methods and teaching ideas can still be applied to the practice of teaching Chinese as a foreign language today. In addition, the early Chinese learning in the United States promoted Chinese teaching and Sinology research in the United States, and a group of famous universities offered lectures on Chinese or Sinology one after another with the support of the early Chinese learners in the United States. The Chinese learning of the Americans in the late Qing Dynasty promoted the communication between China and the United States, but because of the change of the role of language learners, they made use of their own language advantages to seek the interests of the United States, and at the same time to harm the interests of China.
【学位授予单位】：北京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H195

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