古藏文中的缩略词研究

发布时间：2018-05-30 20:37

本文选题：古藏文 + 语法　；参考：《中央民族大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：文献,是人类社会进入文明时代的产物,它记录了人类活动的全部历史和经验,并伴随着人类文明的进步而不断发展。藏族历来是一个文化发达的古老民族之一,从象雄文字的刻石记录算起,藏族历史文献已有三千九百多年的历史了。吐蕃时期是藏族历史上最重要的阶段,在现有藏文文献中吐蕃时期的文献是藏族先民留给我们的最珍贵的文化遗产,是藏族传统历史文化的核心,其主要内容包括：君臣之间、国与国之间的结盟,著名人物功绩、高僧大德的法旨、重大历史事件及修建寺院宫殿的情况等资料,是研究吐蕃历史、文化、社会及其语言的第一手资料,自作为吐蕃文献的重要组成部分敦煌文献出土后,引起国内外很多学者的关注,现如今置身于国际藏学研究之行列中,为这个民族乃至国家的文化发展而努力奉献。语言作为交际工具,它的各种成分的存在,有着客观的合理性,语言理论是从各种语言现象中总结出来的,反映了语言的本质,对人们的语言实践起着指导作用,要求发生变化的语言形式符合语言规则也是正确的。藏语中的缩略现象,可以追溯到很古以前,在吐蕃时期藏文字的出现便产生了缩略现象,它是语言在历史发展过程中产生的,它以已有的语言成分为基础产生的新形式,缩略作为一种语言现象,它本身也有发展,藏语缩略现象在古藏文中普遍存在,可见吐蕃时期在藏文文字出现不久便产生了词的缩略现象,并对后期藏族文化的发展与弘扬起了很大的作用,但是令人遗憾的是,缩略作为藏语语法中的重要组成部分,迄今在藏语缩略方面并没有专门的藏语缩略词的学说,仍以梵文中的六大缩略现象为主研究藏语中的缩略现象,从吐蕃时期的文献可以看出与缩略有统一形式的缩写也是产生于藏文文字出现不久,例如：“(?)”中的“(?)”(?)”是藏文中的“(?)”“(?)”的缩写形式。在撰写这篇论文的过程中,对吐蕃时期的历史文献及其有关的材料和现代藏族文献进行了认真的分析和对比其中的缩略现象的异同,以及对古藏文中的缩略词的探索研究。大量阅读吐蕃时期的藏文文献,结合藏语语法研究的相关理论和方法,进行举例式和分析法的研究古藏文中的缩略现象,以及与缩略同一时期产生的缩写现象在吐蕃时期的藏文文献中的运用和具体的缩写法研究。本篇论文共有两部分组成,第一部分是本文的绪论部分,第二部分主要分为五个章节,每一章的结尾有小结构成。绪论中主要阐述了对古藏文文献中的缩略词研究的目的、研究的主要意义、研究的主要内容以及目前国内外学者对古藏文中缩略词的研究现状进行了简单的介绍。就据目前的资料来看,缩略词作为藏语语法研究领域中重要组成部分,很多学者在研究藏语语法时没有对藏语缩略专题研究其内容,尤其古藏文文献为主研究其缩略现象的学术论文,而在研究藏语缩略方面相关的文章有：干木滚的《藏语语法中的缩略研究》(中国藏学,1995年第一期)及《浅析藏语语法中格的缩略现象》(西藏研究,1997年第2期)；拉却加的《诗镜对藏族文学发展的影响》中的第五章从诗歌中对缩略词的研究(藏学研究论文丛集第4集)；拉玛才丹的《梵语语法研究》中的第八章浅谈缩略词(藏学研究论文丛集第3集)；斗拉布琼的《从《兄弟教诲录》的缩写特点来研究古藏文的缩写》(西藏研究,2003年第2期)；在以上的研究成果中我们可以看出在藏语语法研究领域中缺乏对缩略词的专题研究。因此,本文以吐蕃时期的藏族文献为研究题材,从中研究其语言文字所共有的特点缩略,在古藏文中的运用、所起的作用及其弘扬的价值。第二部分主要分为五章：第一章从内容上分析吐蕃时期的藏文文献,并对各文献的文体形式和修辞手法进行了简单的介绍。古藏文文献时在时间上是八世纪到十世纪的吐蕃时期的藏文文献,在本文中主要有分为：一是敦煌莫高窟中出土的敦煌文献包括宗教、历史、政治、经济、故事、译文、医学、天文等丰富的内容；现存的主要敦煌文献有P.T(Pelliot tibetan和I.0(India office)现存于法国、日本、印度等国家。二是诺琼((?))旧城发现的文献,记载着藏族多年统治新疆地区时的律法、制度等内容。三是吐蕃时期的石碑文,摩崖刻石文,主要是大臣与邦国的诏书、赞普大臣的功绩、弘扬佛法诏书、吐唐结盟诏书等刻石形成的。介于以上的三种藏文文献外还有在十一世纪左右出现的藏文文献,有着吐蕃时期的文字特点和语言特征的文献也包括在古藏文中。第二章中着重分析了古藏文文献中的缩略词的发展与特点以及它产生的原因。虽处在同一时期,但不同的社会群体中的人们在不同的环境中对词语有着不同的缩略形式,从而产生了不同的缩略特点。缩略词是指人们处于求省便的心理、习性和目的所造成的一种词语的简缩形式,它应是较长复杂的词语的经济化了的再现,缩略词是在原词语的基础上的简缩。它的发生和使用,受到特定的交际范围的制约,不同的交际范围,及社会环境,对缩略造成了多方面的影响。语言是全民的,但是,全民的语言对于具体的个人来说,各不相同,处于不同社会分工中的人,形成了不同的行业,不同行业中的人们日常接触的事物各不相同,便出现了不同的行业特点的用语。语言有区域性,一个地区使用的词语往往与其他地区不同,通常是在藏语方言在词汇中的表现,处于不同的地域范围中人们的语言习惯,会使同一词语在不同地区有不同的缩略结果。同一社会中,不同教育、不同阅历的人有着不同的知识范围,这些知识,有的属于实践性的,从生活中积累而来；有的即从书本或其他文化传播中获得,因此,缩略形式的采用与人的知识范围也有关。第三章中主要阐述了古藏文中的缩略形式,分别从语素的缩略、词的缩略及词组的缩略等三方面进行了举例式的分析。缩略是一种语言现象,在使用或书写过程中不能以人的主观意识任意缩略,它具有一定的缩略形式和规律。缩略形式在藏语口语中也是普遍存在,它在口语中用较少的音节表示本来要用较多音节表示的意思,缩短交际时间,在书面语中用较少的文字符号来负载本来要用较多的文字符号负载的信息,缩小所占的空间,缩略法使词汇单位缩短长度,使许多不词大的非词汇单位变成词汇单位。第四章中对藏语缩略和缩写的区别与关联进行了对比,研究其共同点和不同点,从而得出缩略和缩写都是减少了字数,是书写变得简便,是复杂句简单化的形式,因此不能排除缩略是书写简便的一面,与缩写有共同的特点,但从根本上来说,缩略不是基于书写而是基于言语。缩略与缩写都产生了简约的形式,英语中用一个词来表示,有它的理由,但是,二者之间有着明确的区别,词语缩略是说话人在说话时用一个语言形式的部分表达这个语言形式的全部意义,这是由于语言形式的减少二造成了书写的减省,或者说是对缩略词语的记录造成书写省便；而在缩写中,字母是提示原词的书写符号,不是从原词语中选取的语言形式,缩写所取的字母读字母音,和它在这个词中的音值并不要求一致。并且,书面缩写读起来,常常并不能是华语简短。第五章中主要叙述了古藏文中的缩略词的作用及缩略词产生的历史意义,以及缩略词对藏族文化产生的影响,在现代藏语研究中缩略词运用状况以及在未来藏语研究领域中如何加强对缩略词的运用,它对于藏族文化发展有着重要的作用。一个民族的文化发展需要与之相应的文字,藏族语言和文字形成了现如今国际先进文字行列中的藏文化,自十三世纪印度诗歌学说传入藏族文化领域中,对藏族文化在文学方面有了很大程度上的进步,但是,凡事都有它发展的利与弊,印度诗镜对于藏族文字艺术和修辞手法的丰富和发展起了重要的作用,但在后期很多藏族学者在文学创作时
[Abstract]:The literature is the product of the human society entering the age of civilization. It records all the history and experience of human activities, and continues to develop with the progress of human civilization. The Tibetans have always been one of the ancient people with developed culture. From the stone records of the male characters, the Tibetan historical documents have been more than 3900 years old. The Tibetan period is the most important stage in the Tibetan history. In the Tibetan literature, the literature of the Tubo Period is the most precious cultural heritage left to us by the Tibetan ancestors. It is the core of the Tibetan traditional history and culture. Its main contents include: the alliance between the monarch and the minister, the alliance between the state and the state, the achievements of the famous figures, the law of the great monk and the great history, and the great history The information of the events and the construction of the palace of the monastery is the first hand of the study of the history, culture, society and language of the Tubo. Since the unearthed of Dunhuang literature as an important part of the literature of Tubo, many scholars at home and abroad are concerned. Now, it is now placed in the ranks of international Tibetan studies for the culture of this nation and even of the country. As a means of communication, language as a means of communication, the existence of its various components has an objective rationality. Language theory is summed up from various linguistic phenomena, reflecting the essence of language, guiding the language practice of people, and it is correct to meet the rules of language in accordance with the language forms that have changed.
The abbreviation in the Tibetan language can be traced back to the ancient times, and the abbreviation was produced in the Tibetan language during the Tubo Period. It was produced in the course of the historical development of the language. It is a new form of language based on the existing language, abbreviated as a language phenomenon, and it itself has a development, and the Tibetan abbreviation is in the ancient Tibetan language. It can be seen that the Tubo Period produced the abbreviation of the words in the Tibetan language, and played a great role in the development and development of the Tibetan culture. However, it is regrettable that the abbreviation is an important part of the Tibetan grammar. So far, there is no special Tibetan abbreviation theory in Tibetan abbreviation. The six abbreviation in Sanskrit is still the main study of the abbreviation in the Tibetan language. From the literature of the Tubo Period, it can be seen that the abbreviation of a unified form with abbreviations emerged from the appearance of the Tibetan language, for example, "(?)" (?) "" (?) "in the Tibetan language" (?) "" (?) "in the writing of this paper. The history of the Tubo Period, the related materials and the modern Tibetan literature have been carefully analyzed and compared, and the similarities and differences of the abbreviations in the Tibetan language, as well as the exploration and study of the abbreviations in the ancient Tibetan language. A large number of reading Tibetan literature during the Tubo Period, and the related theories and methods of Tibetan language study, are used to carry out an example and to carry out an example. The analysis of the abbreviation in the ancient Tibetan language and the application of the abbreviation in the Tibetan literature during the Tubo Period with the abbreviation and the specific abbreviation method.
This paper is composed of two parts. The first part is the introduction of this article. The second part is divided into five chapters. Each chapter concludes with a summary.
In the introduction, the purpose of the study of abbreviations in the ancient Tibetan literature, the main significance of the study, the main content of the study, and the current research status of the abbreviations in the ancient Tibetan language were briefly introduced. Many scholars have not studied Tibetan abbreviation in the study of Tibetan grammar, especially the academic papers on the abbreviation of Tibetan language, and the related articles in the study of Tibetan abbreviations include: the abbreviations in the Tibetan grammar, the Chinese Tibetan studies, the first phase of 1995, and the elementary analysis of the Tibetan grammar in the Tibetan grammar. Abbreviations > (Tibet research, second 1997); the impact of La qua's "poetic mirror on the development of Tibetan Literature" > fifth chapters in the study of abbreviations from poetry (the collection of studies in Tibetan studies fourth sets); the eighth chapters of the Sanskrit grammar study of Raman's "Sanskrit grammar" (the collection of studies in Tibetan studies, third episodes); The abbreviation of the brotherhood is the abbreviation of the ancient Tibetan language (Tibet study, the second period of 2003); in the above research results we can see that there is a lack of special research on the abbreviations in the Tibetan grammar research field. Therefore, this paper studies the Tibetan Literature in Tubo Period as the subject of research, and studies the common language of the Tibetan language. Features, abbreviation, application in ancient Tibetan language, its role and value.
The second part is divided into five chapters.
The first chapter analyzes the Tibetan Literature in the Tubo Period from the content, and briefly introduces the style and rhetorical devices of the literature. The ancient Tibetan literature was the Tibetan literature of the Tubo Period from eighth Century to tenth Century. In this article, the first is the Dunhuang documents unearthed from Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang, including religion, Historical, political, economic, stories, translations, translations, medicine, astronomy, and so on; the main existing Dunhuang literature is P.T (Pelliot Tibetan and I.0 (India Office) existing in France, Japan, India and other countries. Two is the literature found in the old city of Norman ((?)), containing the laws and regulations of the Tibetan people during the years of Xinjiang, and the three is Tubo. The stone inscriptions and cliff inscriptions in the period are mainly the imperial edicts of the ministers and State States, the achievements of the chancellor, the imperial edict, the imperial edict of Tang Dynasty, and other inscriptions of the Tang Dynasty. The Tibetan literature, which appeared in the three Tibetan literature above in the Eleventh Century, is also included in the literature of the characters and language characteristics of the Tubo Period. In the ancient Tibetan language.
The second chapter focuses on the analysis of the development and characteristics of the abbreviations in the ancient Tibetan literature and the reasons for it. Although at the same time, people in different social groups have different abbreviations in different environments and thus produce different abbreviations. The contraction of a word caused by the habit and purpose, it should be the economic reappearance of a long and complex word. The abbreviation is a contraction based on the original word. Its occurrence and use, restricted by the specific scope of communication, the different scope of communication, and the social environment, have many effects on abbreviation. All the people, but the language of the whole people is different to the specific individual. People in different social divisions have formed different industries. People in different industries have different daily contacts. They have different trade characteristics. Language is regional, and the words used in one area are often with other places. Different areas, usually in the expression of the Tibetan dialect in the vocabulary, the language habits of people in different geographical areas, will make the same words in different regions with different abbreviations. In the same society, people with different education and different experiences have different scope of knowledge, and some of them are practical and accumulate from life. Some come from books or other cultural transmission, so the adoption of abbreviation is also related to the scope of human knowledge.
The third chapter mainly expounds the abbreviation form in the ancient Tibetan language, which is analyzed from three aspects of the abbreviation of the morpheme, the abbreviation of the word and the abbreviation of the phrase. The abbreviation is a linguistic phenomenon, which can not be abbreviated arbitrarily by the subjective consciousness of the human in the process of use or writing. It has a certain abbreviation form and law. It is also common in Tibetan spoken language. It uses less syllables to express the meaning of more syllables, shorten the time of communication, and use fewer characters to load the information loaded with more written symbols in written language, reduce the space occupied by the abbreviation method, shorten the length of the lexical unit and make it possible to shorten the length of the vocabulary. More than a large non lexical unit becomes a lexical unit.
The fourth chapter compares the difference and correlation between the abbreviation and the abbreviation of the Tibetan language, and studies its common points and different points, and thus draws the conclusion that abbreviations and abbreviations are both simplified and simple forms of the complex sentences. Therefore, the abbreviation is a simple and simple aspect of the writing, and it has common characteristics with abbreviations, but fundamentally, Abbreviation is not based on writing but based on speech. Abbreviation and abbreviation produce a simple form. There is a reason for it in English. However, there is a clear distinction between the two, and the abbreviation is the whole meaning of the speaker's expression of the language in the form of a language in the speech. A decrease of two in the form of a word causes the reduction of writing, or the recording of abbreviations causing handwriting; in abbreviations, the letter is a writing symbol indicating the original word, not the language form selected from the original word, the alphabet taken by the abbreviation, and the sound value in the word, and the written contraction. In writing, it is often not short of Chinese.
The fifth chapter mainly describes the role of abbreviations in ancient Tibetan and the historical significance of abbreviations, as well as the influence of abbreviations on Tibetan culture, the application of abbreviations in the study of modern Tibetan language and how to strengthen the use of abbreviations in the field of Tibetan study in the future. It is important for the development of Tibetan culture. The cultural development of a nation needs the corresponding text. The Tibetan language and writing have formed the Tibetan culture in the ranks of the international advanced characters. Since the introduction of the India poetry theory to the Tibetan culture in the thirteenth Century, the Tibetan culture has made great progress in the literature of Tibetan culture, but all things have its development. India poetry has played an important role in enriching and developing Tibetan characters' art and rhetoric, but in the later years, many Tibetan scholars were doing literary works.
【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H214

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