现代汉语“别说”的语义、功能研究

发布时间：2018-06-06 13:31

本文选题：别说 + 三个语义层面　；参考：《吉林大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：本文以现代汉语“别说”为研究对象，总结出“别说”有8种不同的语义和用法。我们试图从“别说”的语义出发，分析“别说”这8个用法（包括短语—动词—副词—连词—语用标记）的来源和关系问题。以往传统研究从结构形式入手，对这些不同用法的“别说”采用自下而上的方法进行原子式孤立分析，并没有从整体深入探讨过它们之间的联系。即使对它们的关系问题有所涉及，也是为解释其中个体“别说”的由来而服务，集中体现在探讨语用标记“别说”的来源问题上。因此，本文就以语用标记的来源为切入点，从不同于以往句法驱动的思路——语义驱动说起，采取自上而下的方法，以“别说”为试点来探讨语言单位的语义和结构—功能的接口问题。那么，语义分析就成为本文的核心和重点。全文共分为7章。第1章是绪论。我们从具体问题入手，指出目前研究存在的问题。在此基础上，主要介绍了研究思路、研究价值，理论依据和研究方法，文中的符号说明和语料来源等。第2章是语义层面的理论建构。首先，我们澄清了文中使用的术语，讨论“所指”（概念）和“命题义”的关系问题，并以此作为全文的基础。我们所理解的“所指”（概念）最先表现为命题义（内容义，我们称之为基本概念义），但并不止于此，而是在此基础上，在人们认识中通过与其他成分系统对比形成了不同语义特征的集合。对于“别说”，我们把它放在“别V”中，通过与“别提”、“别看”的对比总结出它“所指”（概念）的两个关键性语义特征[否定义]和[阻止义]。我们认为“别说”在现实语境中一经表达，就具体实现为8个“别说”中的一个，所实现的语义就是“别说”“所指”（概念）中的某个语义特征作用于具体语义层面的结果。接下来，我们就开始建构语义层面。根据语义特征不同的作用途径，，我们划分出三个典型语义层面：命题层、认识层和元语层。其中，典型命题层是语义特征最为直接的反映，所以，典型命题义是语义中最初始和最基本的部分，但并非全部。在此基础上，以语义特征为起点，形成典型认识层和典型元语层。具体来说，典型认识层就是语义特征经演绎推理转喻作用于认知心理而形成的高于命题层的语义层；典型元语层就是语义特征经“自返性”形成的高于认识层的语义层。至此，我们搭建起三个典型语义层面。我们认为这些典型层面之间并不是离散的，而是形成了一个过渡性的连续统。其间语言成分的非典型意义都不是单一的，而是由相应的语义表征，主要是命题义表征和认知义表征配比作用的综合结果。认知义表征作为功能性意义，直接与功能相连。这样，我们就把非典型层面的语言单位看作“语义—功能”的整体。我们分析非典型语义就相当于分析它们的组成基因一样，它们身上这两种语义表征的不同比例直接决定了所形成的意义整体的对外性质，从而决定语言单位的语义层次属性及其结构、功能。这样，我们就可以通过对语言单位的语义表征分析，实现语义和结构—功能的有机结合。第3章至第5章是以个案“别说”为例，对语义层面理论的具体运用。我们沿着所建构的语义层次：命题层——认识层——元语层，依次展开对“别说”意义的研究。由“别说”的[阻止义]作用于命题层形成“别说1.2”——“别说2”——“别说3”——“别说4”；由“别说”的[否定义]作用于认识层形成“别说5”——“别说6”——“别说7”。我们对比分析了不同语义层次成分间在结构和功能上的系列差异，从而说明语义对“结构—功能”的决定作用。第3章是“别说”在命题层的意义研究。从分析典型命题义的动词短语“别说1.1”和“别说1.2”开始，我们按照由低到高的语义层次分析了动词“别说2”——评注性副词“别说3”——情态副词“别说4”这些非典型命题义。每一部分都从综述已有研究开始，然后描写这些“别说”的语法、语义和语用特征，最后从语义层面角度对这些结构—功能的表现进行解释。我们把重点放在对具体表征的解释环节，即通过对语义的分析来解释这些“别说”的来源和使用。在此基础上，从整体来讨论命题层意义之间的内在联系。第4章是“别说”在认识层的意义研究。我们分别论述了非典型认知义的连词“别说5”，典型认知义的话语标记“别说6”和人际标记“别说7”。我们把研究重点放在对不同语义层次“别说”的来源分析上。通过这些具体分析，利用精致还原主义推进构式语法的研究。第5章是“别说”在元语层的意义研究。这层的评价标记“别说8”不同于其他层面“别说”的形成机制，它是由句法驱动而发生的“语义—语用”演变。我们认为“别说8”已经开始发生叹词化。第6章是“别说”的几个意义间关系研究。我们在“语义—功能”的二维坐标轴上，定位不同层次的“别说”，从整体来分析这8个“别说”之间的关系。通过与音位条件变体间关系相比较，在理解二者关系共性的同时，也突出强调语义层次变体间关系的特性所在，即高层语义变体对低层语义变体的隐含关系。这样，我们得出“别说”的几个意义间的关系就是既并列又隐含的立体发散关系，而非传统认为的由命题义出发，然后逐层发展而来的线性关系，即不属于典型的语法化的虚化关系。由此我们对语言中词的同一性和兼类问题、语法化虚化、主观化问题和构式理论都有所反思和发展。第7章是结语。总结全篇的主要观点，在我们所搭建的语义层次框架下，通过对个案“别说”的研究，尝试由上而下地从语义演变的思路来透视短语—实词—虚词—语用标记之间的关系，提供了一个不同于以往句法驱动下典型语法化研究的新的视角和思路。余论结合汉语作为语义型语言的特点来说明我们这种分析方法的可取之处。此外，还总结了这一思路的不足，这也是我们今后要继续探讨的问题所在。
[Abstract]:This paper, taking the "farewell" as the object of study in modern Chinese, sums up the 8 different meanings and uses of the "farewell". We try to analyze the 8 uses of the "another", including the phrase verb adverb - the conjunctions - the pragmatic markers. A bottom-up approach for these different uses is used to carry out atomic isolation analysis, and the relationship between them is not explored in a whole. Even if they are related to their relationship, it is also to explain the origin of the individual "farewell". Therefore, this paper takes the source of pragmatic markers as the starting point. From the idea of semantic driving different from the previous syntactic drive, we take the top-down approach, and take the "farewell" as the pilot to discuss the semantic and structural function interface of the language unit. Then, the semantic analysis becomes the core and the focus of this article.
The full text is divided into 7 chapters.
The first chapter is the introduction. We start with the specific problems and point out the existing problems. On the basis of this, we mainly introduce the research ideas, the value, the theoretical basis and the research methods, the symbols and the source of the corpus.
The second chapter is the theoretical construction of the semantic level.
First, we clarify the terms used in the text to discuss the relationship between the "signified" and "propositional meaning" and take it as the basis of the full text. We understand that the "signified" (concept) is the first expression of propositional meaning (meaning, which we call the basic concept), but not there, but on this basis, in people's understanding. By comparing with other component systems, a set of different semantic features is formed. For "farewell", we put it in "farewell V" and sum up the two key semantic features [negation] and [sense of sense] of the "denial" (concept) by comparing it with "farewell" and "don't see". After expression, it is concretely realized as one of the 8 "other words", and the semantic meaning is the result of a semantic feature in the "other" "meaning" (concept) acting on the specific semantic level.
Then, we begin to construct the semantic level. According to the different semantic features, we divide three typical semantic levels: propositional layer, cognitive layer and metalinguistic layer. On this basis, the typical cognitive layer and typical metalinguistic layer are formed with semantic features as the starting point. In particular, the typical cognitive layer is the semantic layer formed by the semantic feature metonymy by deductive reasoning to cognitive psychology, which is higher than the propositional layer; the typical metalinguistic layer is the semantic layer which is higher than the cognitive level by the semantic feature. At this point, we have set up three typical semantic levels. We believe that these typical layers are not discrete, but a transitional continuum. In the meantime, the atypical meaning of the language components is not single, but is characterized by the corresponding semantics, mainly the synthesis of the role of the representation of propositional and cognitive representation. Cognitive representation, as a functional meaning, is directly connected with function. In this way, we regard the language units of the atypical level as the whole of the "semantic function". We analyze the atypical semantics as the analysis of their constituent genes, which directly determine the formation of these two semantic representations. The meaning of the whole is the external nature, which determines the semantic hierarchy of the language unit and its structure and function. In this way, we can realize the organic combination of semantic and structural function by analyzing the semantic representation of the language unit.
From the third chapter to the fifth chapter, we use the case "farewell" as an example to apply the semantic level theory. We follow up the semantic level: the propositional layer, the cognitive layer, the metalinguistic layer, and carry out the study on the meaning of the "farewell". "Don't say 3" - "don't say 4"; the "other" [negative meaning] acts on the cognitive level to form "another 5" - "another 6" - "another 7". We compare and analyze the differences in the structure and function between different semantic levels, thus explaining the meaning of the semantic meaning to the "structure function".
The third chapter is the study of the meaning of "farewell" in the proposition layer. From the analysis of the verb phrase "another 1.1" and "another 1.2" in the typical propositional meaning, we analyze the verb "other say 2" from the semantic level from low to high - the annotated adverb "another 3" - the modal adverb "farewell to 4", each part of the atypical propositional meaning. From the beginning of the review, we describe the grammatical, semantic and pragmatic features of these "other words", and finally explain the expression of these structures and functions from the semantic point of view. We focus on the interpretation of specific representations, that is, to explain the source and use of these "other words" through the analysis of the semantics. On the basis of the whole, we discuss the inner link between the meaning of the propositional level.
The fourth chapter is the study of the meaning of "farewell" in the cognitive level. We respectively discuss the conjunctions of atypical cognition, "farewell to say 5", the discourse markers of typical cognitive meaning "farewell to say 6" and "farewell to say 7". We focus the research on the source analysis of the different semantic levels of "farewell". The study of reductionist propelling structure grammar.
The fifth chapter is the study of the meaning of "farewell" in the metalinguistic layer. The evaluation mark "farewell 8" in this layer is different from the formation mechanism of other levels, which is "semantic pragmatics", which is driven by syntax. We think that "another 8" has begun to make a interjection.
The sixth chapter is the study of the relationship between the "farewell". On the two dimensional axis of "semantic function", we locate the different levels of "farewell" and analyze the relationship between the 8 "different theories" from the whole. By comparing the relationship with the phoneme condition variants, we also emphasize the semantic layer while understanding the commonness of the relations between the two. The characteristics of the relationship between the sub variants, that is, the implicit relationship between the high-level semantic variants and the low level semantic variants, so that we conclude that the relationship between several meanings of "another" is not only a parallel but implied stereoscopic relationship of divergence, but not a traditional linear relationship, which is developed from a propositional meaning and then developed by layer by layer, that is, not a typical one. The grammaticalization of the grammaticalization is a reflection and development of the identity and concurrently, the grammaticalization, the subjectivist and the constructional theory of the words in the language.
The seventh chapter is the conclusion. In the summary of the main point of view, in the framework of the semantic level we set up, through the study of the case "farewell", we try to examine the relationship between the phrase - the phrase - the function words - the pragmatic markers from the idea of semantic evolution, which is different from the typical grammaticalization of the previous syntactic drive. After studying the new perspective and thinking, Yu on the characteristics of Chinese as a semantic language explains the merits of our analytical method. In addition, the deficiency of this idea is summarized, which is also the problem that we should continue to discuss in the future.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H13

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