顺应论视角下的语用失误研究

发布时间：2018-07-25 18:58

【摘要】：语用失误现象一直是语用学研究的热点之一。学者们在过去几十年里从不同角度对这一现象进行了研究，如跨文化交际，二语习得，外语教学和认知学等领域。在先前学者们的不懈努力下，对语用失误的研究取得了丰硕的成果。但是这些研究也存在一些局限性和不足。首先，大部分的研究都局限于跨文化交际中的语用失误，忽视语内语用失误。再次，先前的研究强调口语和词汇层面上的语用失误，忽略其他层面上的语用失误。最后，不同角度研究得来的结果不可避免地存在交叉现象。鉴于这些局限性和不足，需要一种更具理论性，包含跨学科性质，更全面综合的理论来系统解释语用失误现象。维索尔伦的顺应论正是能满足这些条件的理论。维索尔伦不赞同传统的语用学观，他认为不可能给语用学指派自己的分析单元，也不可能鉴别出一个具体的相关对象，因为语用学涉及到的是语言行为的全部复杂现象。语用学被他定义为“一种从认知的，社会的和文化的整体角度对语言现象的综观”。语用学不再是语言学的一个分支，它所涉及的领域可以拓展到语言学结构的各个层次。在语言结构的各个层次，语用视角对语言现象的解释都是有价值和必须的，包括语音层次，单词，语义和句法。在维索尔伦的著作中提到的顺应论理论框架为我们分析语用现象提供了一种全新的视角。维索尔伦的语用综观论的核心内容是顺应论，即使用语言的过程就是一个不断做出选择的过程。顺应论从认知、社会和文化的功能的视角对语言使用作出描述和解释。语言的变异性，协商性和顺应性使人们在交际中能够作出动态选择。顺应性又允许我们从四个角度来分析语言现象，分别是顺应性的语境相关成分，，顺应性结构对象，顺应性动态过程，和顺应性的意识突显性。作为语言现象的语用失误，自然也可以从这四方面来分析。鉴于后两种角度认知性过强，本文从顺应性的语境相关成分和顺应性结构对象两方面来分析。第一，顺应性的语境相关成分。任何交际因素，从物理环境,社交关系到语言使用者的心理状态都可成为交际语境的元素。语言使用者们在他们的视野范围内选择并且激活这些元素，使其成为相关的关联成分，并且在展开的言语中变异与协商。语言选择的结果就是根据交际语境做出顺应以达到交际目的。本文通过大量实例与论证，并且与构成交际语境要素的心智世界，社交世界和物理世界的主要成分相结合，来系统地探求语用失误的原因。通过分析研究发现，语用失误现象出现在交际语境的各个层面，而根源在于语言使用者未能对交际语境作出顺应，如忽视交际方的性格特征、情绪、信仰、价值观、目的、社会地位、宗教、以及所处的时空等，都会造成语用失误。第二，顺应性结构对象。由于交际选择总是在所有涉及到各种变异的语言结构层面上展开的，因而，语用现象也可以和任何一个结构层面发生联系：从语音特征和音位，到语篇内外，或者到层面间的任何一种关系。所涉及的不只是“结构”，还包括“结构过程”中的原则。本文通过结构对象的三个主要层面，即语音，词素与词，句子来分析语用失误现象，进一步得出忽视结构对象也会造成语用误用。在系统探求出语用失误根源后，一个很自然的问题是如何减少和消除语用失误现象，即如何提高语言使用者的语用能力。在结合时代背景分析中国英语学习者普遍语用能力不强的原因后，本文继而提出了针对中国英语学习者提高语用能力的三条建议：倡导语用知识的显性教学，使用地道的英语教学材料以及增加和改革以测试学生语用能力的口语考试。
[Abstract]:Pragmatic failure has always been one of the hot topics in pragmatics. Scholars have studied this phenomenon from different angles in the past several decades, such as intercultural communication, two language acquisition, foreign language teaching and cognitive science. The research of pragmatic failure has been fruitful in the previous scholars' unremitting efforts.
However, there are some limitations and shortcomings in these studies. First, most of the studies are limited to pragmatic failure in intercultural communication and neglect of pragmatic failure in language. Thirdly, previous studies emphasize pragmatic failures on the level of spoken and vocabulary and ignore the pragmatic failures on other levels. Finally, the results from different angles can not be found. There is an avoidance of cross phenomena.
In view of these limitations and deficiencies, a more theoretical, interdisciplinary and comprehensive theory is needed to systematically explain pragmatic failure.
Weisl Len's theory of adaptation is the theory that satisfies these conditions. Versolen does not agree with the traditional pragmatics view. He thinks it is impossible to assign his own analysis unit to pragmatics, nor can he identify a specific object, because pragmatics involves all the complex phenomena of language behavior. Pragmatics is defined as a pragmatics. "A comprehensive view of linguistic phenomena from a cognitive, social and cultural perspective." pragmatics is no longer a branch of linguistics. The fields involved can be extended to all levels of linguistic structure. At all levels of the language structure, pragmatic perspectives are valuable and necessary for the interpretation of language images, including language. The framework of adaptation theory mentioned in Weisl Len's works provides a new perspective for us to analyze pragmatic phenomena.
The core content of Weisl Len's pragmatic view is the theory of adaptation, that is, the process of using language is a continuous process of choice. The theory of adaptation describes and explains language use from the perspective of cognitive, social and cultural functions. Language variability, negotiability and adaptability make people make dynamic choices in communication. Compliance allows us to analyze language phenomena from four perspectives, namely, contextual related components of compliance, adaptation to structural objects, adaptation to dynamic processes, and awareness prominence of compliance. As a pragmatic failure of linguistic phenomena, nature can also be analyzed from these four aspects. In view of the latter two angles, this article is from the CIS Two aspects of contextual and contextual components of adaptability are analyzed.
First, the contextual components of compliance. Any communicative element, from the physical environment, the social relationship to the psychological state of the language user, can be the elements of the communicative context. Language users choose and activate these elements within their field of vision to make them related components, and variation and change in the unfolding language. Negotiation. The result of language selection is to make compliance with the communicative context in order to achieve communicative purpose. Through a large number of examples and arguments, and combining the mental world with the elements of communicative context and the main components of the social world and the physical world, this paper systematically explores the reasons for pragmatic miserrors. The phenomenon occurs at all levels of the communicative context, and the root lies in the failure of the language users to adapt to the communicative context, such as ignoring the character characteristics of the communicative side, emotions, beliefs, values, purposes, social status, religion, and the time and space in which they are in the context of pragmatic failure.
Second, compliant structural objects. Because communication choices are always carried out in all the linguistic structure levels that involve various variations, pragmatic phenomena can also be associated with any structural level: from phonetic features and phonemes to any relationship between the text and the layer, or to the level, not only "structure". It also includes the principle of "structural process". This paper analyzes pragmatic failure through three main aspects of structural objects, namely, phonetics, morphemes and words, and sentences, and further draws the neglect of structural objects as well as misuse of idioms.
After the systematic exploration of the root of pragmatic failure, a very natural question is how to reduce and eliminate pragmatic failure, that is, how to improve the pragmatic competence of the language users. After analyzing the reasons for the poor pragmatic competence of Chinese English learners in the context of the background of the times, this paper proposes to improve the pragmatics of Chinese English learners. Three suggestions of competence: explicit teaching of pragmatic knowledge, the use of authentic English teaching materials, and the oral test of increasing and reforming the students' pragmatic competence.
【学位授予单位】：中南民族大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H030

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