否定副词“没（有）”与“了（le）”的共现研究

发布时间：2018-07-27 10:43

【摘要】：本文主要是对否定副词“没（有）”与“了（le）”共现的现象进行了系统的研究和论述。在通常情况下，否定副词“没（有）”与“了（le）”是不能共现的，如，“他没吃了饭”，“我那天没看见她了”，这在我们日常使用汉语的过程中已经达成了共识。但是，这并不是绝对的，有那么一小部分句子，其中出现了否定副词“没（有）”与“了（le）”的共现现象，如，“他三天没吃饭了”，“打那以后我就再没见过他了”。这一现象引起了许多语法学家的关注，他们纷纷撰文从各种角度对这种现象进行了探讨和研究，本文就是在继承前人研究成果的基础上，对副词“没（有）”和“了（le）”的性质分别进行了准确的界定，从而系统全面地剖析了这一共现现象的类型及原因，以期对对外汉语教学的实践提供有力的参考。具体工作有如下几个方面。（1）综述研究现状，梳理本项研究的学术发展脉络，评价已有研究的得失，以明确本论文的学术起点和目标。（2）对否定副词“没（有）”和“了（le）”的性质进行了详尽的探讨和清晰的界定，得出二者在通常情况下不能共现的原因，即“没（有）”否定了谓词所表示的动作或状态的已然性，而“了（le）”又表明谓词所表示的动作或状态的实现，二者在语法上是矛盾的，相反的，故不能共现。同时按照功能对“了（le）”重新进行了划分，分为时体助词“了”和结果补语“了”，时体助词“了”又按照出现的位置分为句中“了a”和句末“了b”，并在此基础上提出，当助词“了”与“了补”同时出现时，二者将进行融合，成为合体“了”。如，“我真后悔当初杀了他”，该句中的“了”实际上就是“了a了补”的融合。（3）从“没（有）”与句中“了”共现现象和“没（有）”与句末“了”共现现象两个方面入手，将搜集到的共现句语料进行了分类及分析，结果表明：首先，当“没（有）”与时体助词“了”的深层语义指向相同时，，就会产生矛盾，此时二者绝对不能共现，只有当二者的深层次语义指向不同时，“没（有）”可以和时体助词“了”共现。其次，“了补”是动词“了”向助词“了”虚化过程中的中间状态，具有较实在的意义，表示一种结果状态，不表示任何时体意义。因此，“了补”与“没（有）”不会产生矛盾。当“没（有）”的否定焦点在于结果时，“没（有）”与“了补”共现。但是“了补”与“没（有）”的共现除了要受到说话人的主观意图的影响之外，有时还会受到节律因素的影响，有些单音节动词进行否定时会出现节律不平衡的情况，需要“了补”出现，来补足音节。第三，在“差点儿没VP了（VP仅限于人们不希望实现的事情）”和“就差没VP了”两种句式中，“没（有）”是一个语用上起主观强调作用，语义上又羡余的成分，不与“了b”产生矛盾，可以与其自由共现。
[Abstract]:In this paper, the co-occurrence of negative adverbs "not (have)" and "(le)" is systematically studied and discussed. In general, the negative adverb "not" and "(le)" cannot be co-appeared, such as "he didn't eat" or "I didn't see her that day", which has reached a consensus in our daily use of Chinese. However, this is not absolute, there is a small number of sentences, there is a negative adverb "not (have)" and "(le)" co-occurrence, such as, "he did not eat in three days", "since then I have never seen him." This phenomenon has attracted the attention of many linguists, who have written articles to discuss and study this phenomenon from various angles. This paper is based on the previous research results. In this paper, the characteristics of adverbs "no (you)" and "(le)" are accurately defined, and the types and causes of this phenomenon are systematically and comprehensively analyzed, in order to provide a strong reference for the practice of teaching Chinese as a foreign language. The specific work has the following aspects: (1) summarize the current situation of the research, comb the academic development of this research, evaluate the gains and losses of the existing research, In order to clarify the academic starting point and goal of this paper. (2) the nature of the negative adverbs "not (have)" and "(le)" are discussed and clearly defined in detail, and the reasons why the two words can not occur together under normal circumstances are obtained. That is, "no (have)" negates the already nature of the action or state represented by the predicate, while "(le)" indicates the realization of the action or state represented by the predicate. The two are grammatically contradictory and opposite, so they cannot occur together. At the same time, according to the function, the author reclassifies "(le)" into the adverb "er" and the resultant complement "er", and divides it into "a" in sentence and "b" at the end of sentence according to the position of appearance. On this basis, it is put forward. When the auxiliary words "have" and "complement" appear at the same time, the two words will merge and become "integrated". For example, "I regret having killed him." The word "has" in this sentence is actually the fusion of "a" and "a complement". (3) starting from the two aspects of "no (you)" and "co-occurrence" at the end of the sentence, we begin with the two aspects of "no (you)" and "co-occurrence" at the end of the sentence. The collected co-occurrence sentences are classified and analyzed. The results show that, first of all, when the deep semantic points of "not (have)" and the auxiliary word "have" are the same, there will be contradictions. Only when the deep semantic points of the two are different, "no (have)" can co-appear with the tense auxiliary. Secondly, "complement" is the intermediate state in the process of "empty". It means a state of result, not any meaning of tense and aspect. Therefore, there will be no contradiction between "complement" and "no (have)". When the negative focus of "no" is on the result, "no" and "complement" appear together. But in addition to the subjective intention of the speaker, the co-occurrence of "complement" and "not (have)" is sometimes influenced by rhythmic factors, and some monosyllabic verbs have an unbalanced rhythm when they negate. Need to "fill" appear, to fill the syllables. Third, in the two sentence patterns of "almost no VP" (VP is limited to things people do not want to achieve) and "bad is not VP", "no (you)" is a pragmatic element that plays a subjective and semantically envious role. Without contradiction with "b", it is possible to co-exist with its freedom.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H146

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