顺应-关联视角下误解发生的语境缘由分析

发布时间：2018-08-07 11:38

【摘要】：误解是人类的日常生活中众多语言现象之一。言语的交际过程实际就是一个信息的传递过程。由于在信息的传递过程中,信息传递者会受到各种因素的影响和制约,这可能会导致信息在其传递和接收过程中出现误差。在这种情况下,误解就可能发生。近年来,越来越多的语言学者们开始关注于这一课题的研究,这使得误解成为了语用学研究的一个重要课题。正是基于这一点,本文从顺应-关联的角度解释误解发生的语境缘由。具体的本文要探讨这三个问题：一、顺应-关联论是否可以用来解释误解现象?二、语境因素是如何导致误解的发生?三、语境因素导致误解发生的方式是否一样? 顺应-关联理论指出说话者和听话者在言语交流中都应该被考虑,这一点和误解的发生应该由说话人和听话人共同负责的观点相符合。众多学者使用了关联理论和顺应论来研究误解且取得了一些成就。顺应-关联理论作为两者的整合,且在一定程度上克服了关联理论(只强调听话人的推理)和顺应论(只强调说话人的选择)的不足,因此理论上来说运用其来解释误解的发生具有可行性。顺应-关联论把语境分为语言语境、情景语境和背景语境三类。在语言语境方面,本文从语音、词汇、句法和语篇四个层面来探讨它们是如何导致误解的发生；在情景语境方面,则从时间指示和空间指示语两个角度来探讨它们是如何导致误解的发生；在背景语境方面,本文从百科知识、社交世界和心理世界来探讨它们是如何导致误解的发生。通过对语料的分析得出以下结论： 1、由语言语境因素(语音、词汇、句法、语篇)和情景语境因素(时间指示语、空间指示语)所引起的误解的发生原因为说话人的话语给听话人的语境假设的形成造成迷惑,因此在听话人的顺应-关联过程中,她或他只能用自己的信息来扩充、调节或顺应自己的语境假设来顺应说话人的话语且听话人只选取那些只会消耗自己最小力量的信息。如果听话人所选取的用来形成语境假设的信息和说话人的不同,就会造成两者所用语境的不同,最终导致误解的发生。 2、由背景语境因素(百科知识、社交世界、心理世界)所引起的误解发生原因可分为三类：1)由百科知识(常识)所引起的误解发生原因为听话人认为说话人所表达的是常识,因而他或她立刻选取其来扩充,调整或顺应自己的语境假设。然而,在说话人看来,他或她自己所表达的不是常识。在这种情况下,两者所使用的语境不同,从而导致误解的产生；2)由社交世界(文化)所引起的误解发生的原因为交际双方有不同的文化背景并且他们彼此不熟悉对方的文化背景。在这种情况下,对于同一事物,他们的文化有不同的解释。因此这就引起两人使用语境的不同,最终导致误解的发生；3)由心理世界(自我价值、自我期待、自我防卫)所引起的误解发生原因为说话人的话语和听话人受自己情感、警惕、利益等因素的影响,使得听话人的社会心理变成大脑里的显性信息,而事实上这并不是说话人意图。在这种情况下,两者使用语境的不同,从而导致误解的发生本文的研究不仅可以加深我们对误解的理解,还可以让我们明白误解产生的语境原因,为进一步揭示误解产生的本质做出一定程度的贡献,也可为语用理论的发展提供一定的参考。
[Abstract]:Misunderstanding is one of the many language phenomena in human daily life. The communication process of speech is actually a process of transmission of information. Because in the process of transmission of information, the information transmitter will be influenced and restricted by various factors. This may lead to the error of information in the process of transmission and acceptance. In this case, the error is wrong. In recent years, more and more language scholars have begun to pay attention to the research of this subject, which makes misunderstanding an important topic in the study of pragmatics.
Based on this, this paper explains the cause of the context of misunderstanding from the perspective of adaptation relevance. This article is to discuss the three questions: 1, can adaptation relevance theory be used to explain misunderstandings? Two, how do contextual factors lead to misunderstandings? Three, does contextual factors lead to misunderstandings in the same way?
The adaptation relevance theory points out that both the speaker and the hearer should be considered in the verbal communication. This and the misunderstanding should be conformed by the common responsibility of the speaker and the hearer. Many scholars use relevance theory and adaptation theory to study misunderstandings and obtain some achievements. And to some extent, it overcomes the deficiency of Relevance Theory (only the reasoning of the hearer) and the adaptation theory (emphasizing only the speaker's choice), so it is feasible to use it to explain the occurrence of misunderstanding in theory.
The adaptation relevance theory divides context into three categories: linguistic context, situational context and background context. In the context of language, this paper discusses how they lead to misunderstandings from the four levels of speech, vocabulary, syntax and discourse; in the context of situational context, it is discussed from the two angles of time and space deixis how they are caused In the context of background, this article discusses how they lead to misunderstandings from the knowledge of encyclopedia, the social world and the psychological world. The following conclusions are drawn by the analysis of the corpus.
1, the cause of misunderstandings caused by linguistic contextual factors (phonetics, vocabulary, syntax, text) and situational contextual factors (time deixis, space deixis) is that the speaker's discourse leads to the formation of the contextual hypothesis of the listener, so that in the CIS association process of the hearer, she or he can only extend it with his own information. If the listener chooses the information that is used to form the context hypothesis and the speaker's difference, it will result in the difference of the context and the misunderstanding.
2, the cause of misunderstanding caused by background contextual factors (encyclopedia knowledge, social world, psychological world) can be divided into three categories: 1) the cause of misunderstanding caused by encyclopedia knowledge (common sense) is that the hearer thinks that the speaker expresses common sense, so he or she immediately selects it to expand, adjust or adapt to his context hypothesis. However, In the case of the speaker, what he or she expresses is not common sense. In this case, the context is different, which leads to misunderstanding; 2) the reason for the misunderstanding caused by the social world (Culture) is that the two parties have different cultural backgrounds and they are not familiar with each other's cultural background. In the case of the same thing, there are different interpretations of their culture. Therefore, this causes two people to use different contexts and eventually lead to misunderstandings; 3) the cause of misunderstandings caused by the psychological world (self value, self expectation, self defense) is that the speaker's words and listeners are subject to their own emotions, vigilance, and interests. The influence makes the listener's social psychology become the explicit information in the brain, and in fact it is not a speech picture. In this case, the two use the different contexts and lead to misunderstandings.
This study can not only deepen our understanding of misunderstanding, but also let us understand the contextual causes of misunderstanding, make a certain contribution to further reveal the essence of misunderstanding, and provide some reference for the development of pragmatic theory.
【学位授予单位】：广西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H030

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