从与动词的搭配看“不”和“没”的区别

发布时间：2018-08-11 19:33

【摘要】：汉语中有多种否定方式，其中使用频率最高、最典型的是用否定词“不”和“没”构成各种否定结构。“不”和“没”在分布和使用上存在着互补情况，其本质特点和区别对于汉语研究和对外汉语教学都具有极其重要的意义。本文以“不”和“没”与现代汉语动词的否定搭配情况为主要考察对象，总结归纳“不”和“没”在否定动词时的特点和规律，并试图在前人研究成果的基础上进一步分析“不”和“没”的本质使用区别，最终得出以下结论：具有[+静态]、[+可控]、[-实现]、[-变化]的语义特征的动词一般情况下只能被“不”否定，不能被“没”否定，但是可以进入“没V过”的格式中；具有[+静态]、[-可控]、[-实现]、[-变化]语义特征的动词只能被“不”否定；具有[-静态]、[-可控]、[+实现]、[+变化]语义特征的词只能被“没”否定。而具有[-静态]、[+可控]、[±实现]、[±变化]动词既可以被“不”否定，又可以被“没”否定。既可以被“不”直接否定，又可以被“没”直接否定的动词进入了句子层面，有了具体的语境时，叙述者的主客观角度和句子外部的时间性共同影响对“不”和“没”的选择。句中动词具有[+主观][±实现]语义特征的，用“不”否定，具有[-主观][+实现]语义特征的用“没”否定。本文共分为五个部分。第一章绪论，首先介绍了开展本课题研究的意义、价值以及研究方法和语料来源。第二章是介绍和评析本课题研究现状，并对其中影响较大、流传较广的观点的主客观制约论和时间制约论的说法详细加以讨论分析。第三章在搜集、归纳、分析语料的基础上，，考察“不”和“没”在语言中的分布情况，并初步加以归纳和总结，得出“不”和“没”与各种词类相搭配时呈现的特点和规律。第四章为搭配考察部分，我们将在本章选取孟琮等人编写的《汉语动词用法词典》一书，以其中所收录的动词为对象，考察其与与否定词“不”和“没”的搭配情况，根据一定的考察格式，以能否被“不”和“没”直接否定和能被其中哪一个否定为标准，将动词初步分为四类。第五章将在分析过程中得出全文的最终结论，总结归纳出我们在上一章考察过程中所发现的一些动词与“不”和“没”搭配的特点和规律，并根据最终的分类结果，对各类动词的语义特征加以分析，概括出关于“不”和“没”的较简明且具有较强实用性的区别特征，并在“不”和“没”与形容词的搭配中印证此观点，最终服务于对外汉语教学。
[Abstract]:There are many ways of negation in Chinese, among which the most frequently used are the negative structures which are composed of the negative words "no" and "no". "Bu" and "Wu" are complementary in distribution and use, and their essential characteristics and differences are of great significance to the study of Chinese and the teaching of Chinese as a foreign language. Based on the negative collocation of "no" and "Wu" with modern Chinese verbs, this paper summarizes the characteristics and rules of "no" and "no" in negative verbs. And attempts to further analyze the essential difference between "no" and "no" on the basis of previous research results. Finally, the following conclusions are drawn: verbs with the semantic characteristics of [static], [controllable], [-realized], [-change] can only be negated by "no", can not be negated by "no", but can enter the format of "no V pass"; Verbs with [static], [- controllable], [- realization], [- change] semantic features can only be negated by "no"; words with [- static], [- controllable], [implementation], [change] semantic characteristics can only be negated by "no". The verb with [- static], [controllable], [卤realization], [卤change] can be either negated by "no" or "negated" by "no". Not only can it be directly negated by "no", but it can also be directly negated by the verb "not" into the sentence level. When there is a specific context, the subjective and objective angles of the narrator and the temporal nature of the external sentence together influence the choice of "no" and "no". If the verb in a sentence has the semantic feature of [subjective] [卤realization], it is negated by "no" and "no" when it has the semantic feature of [-subjective] [realization]. This paper is divided into five parts. The first chapter introduces the significance, value, method and source of the research. The second chapter is to introduce and comment on the present research situation of this subject, and to discuss and analyze in detail the theories of subjective and objective constraints and time constraints, which have a great influence and are widely spread. Based on the collection, induction and analysis of the corpus, the third chapter investigates the distribution of "no" and "no" in the language, and preliminarily concludes and summarizes the characteristics and rules of "no" and "no" when they are matched with various parts of speech. The fourth chapter is the collocation investigation part. In this chapter, we will choose the dictionary of the usage of Chinese verbs written by Meng Cong and others, take the verbs included therein as the object, and examine its collocation with the negative words "no" and "no". According to a certain investigation format, the verbs are divided into four categories according to whether they can be directly negated by "no" or "not" and which one of them can be negated. The fifth chapter will draw the final conclusion of the full text in the process of analysis, summarize and sum up the characteristics and rules of some verbs collocation with "no" and "no" which we found in the course of investigation in the last chapter, and according to the final classification result, This paper analyzes the semantic characteristics of various verbs, generalizes the more concise and practical distinguishing features of "no" and "no", and confirms this view in the collocation of "no" and "no" with adjectives. Finally, it serves the teaching of Chinese as a foreign language.
【学位授予单位】：华中科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H146

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