麦克卢汉主义语言哲学研究

发布时间：2018-08-27 17:20

【摘要】：麦克卢汉主义(McLuhanism)是法国学界用来概括媒介理论家马歇尔·麦克卢汉及相关学派学术思想的特有术语；语言哲学是关于“语言”的哲学思考；麦克卢汉主义语言哲学是指欧美麦克卢汉学派关于“语言”媒介的本质属性和社会功能的哲学反思,这种反思的终极目标,其一在于探究“语言”媒介的自然属性和社会属性,其二在于透过“语言”媒介与人类的自然关系来探究“语言”媒介中所体现出来的人与人、人与媒介之间所蕴含的社会关系。本文研究的麦克卢汉主义语言哲学是指欧美麦克卢汉学派关于“语言”媒介在本体论、认识论、价值论和进化论四个维度上构建的形而上学体系。与一般的“语言哲学”相比,麦克卢汉主义语言哲学有其独特的研究对象和范畴：即以“语言”媒介与人类及人类社会的关系为研究对象,进而在“本体论”层面探讨人类与“语言”本源之间的关系；在“认识论”层面探讨“语言”对人类认知的功能和作用；在“价值论”层面探讨“语言”的价值属性和意义构成；在“进化论”层面探讨“语言”的进化历程。由此可见,这“四论”也是麦克卢汉主义语言哲学框架体系中的四个最基本的哲学范畴。 (一)麦克卢汉主义语言本体论。麦克卢汉主义语言本体论的核心观点是：在“互动延伸”的相互关系中,“语言”媒介与人类分别确立了各自的存在方式和本质构成。在马歇尔·麦克卢汉的经典命题“媒介是人的延伸”的基础上,媒介与人的“互动延伸”一直是欧美麦克卢汉学派深入考察和探求的问题,而“语言”作为所有媒介的源头、媒介形态的典型代表,它与人之间的关系从麦克卢汉的研究开始已经占据了重要位置,在此基础上,本论文提出了“语言与人的互动延伸”这一命题,以期通过梳理麦克卢汉学派对“语言”这一“元媒介”的剖析,充分展示该学派掩藏在媒介背后的对人的本质问题的理论关怀,同时也希望有助于“语言哲学”体系的建构。 (二)麦克卢汉主义语言认识论。认识论讨论的主题是“如何认知本原”,“如何认知”则必然要借助“认知工具”,而作为人类认知能力延伸的“语言”媒介自然首当其冲。麦克卢汉主义语言认识论探讨的正是在人类历史长河中,“认知主体”如何借助“认知工具”——“语言”媒介——完成对“认知客体”的认知使命,以及在此过程中这一“认知工具”又是如何发挥作用的。这部分将从各阶段“语言”媒介不同的形态(分为言语媒介、书面媒介、电子媒介)着手,探析各阶段人的认知能力和思考方式,从而反映出“语言”这一“认知工具”发挥作用的原因及其产生的影响。但同时需要注意的是,由于该语言认识论中也隐含着麦克卢汉式“媒介决定论”的意味,因而它在突出“语言”媒介对“认知主体”认知能力的决定作用时,淡化了“认知主体”本身的主观能动性。 (三)麦克卢汉主义语言价值论。价值论主要探究的是被考察对象能否以及如何满足主体的需求,并在此过程中进一步探究被考察对象的价值属性和意义构成；麦克卢汉主义语言价值论即以此为基石,探究“语言”媒介如何满足人类认知的需要以及在此过程中所蕴含的“语言”媒介的价值属性和意义构成。具体来说,麦克卢汉主义语言价值论是关于“语言”媒介的功能性价值定位的哲学学说,该价值论主要包括语言媒介的政治价值、文化价值和认识价值三个方面的内容。因此,本部分将从“语言”媒介对个人、国家及社会的作用和意义入手,考察和评价“语言”媒介对人类及整个人类社会所具有的政治性、文化性、认识性的功能意义和价值效用。 (四)麦克卢汉主义语言进化论。进化论原本是生物学上一套用以阐释生物亲代与子代间变异现象的理论,而实际上,媒介形态的演进也是进化的一种表现。该部分将进化论的对象设定为媒介演进中的典型——“语言”媒介,以期通过对“语言”媒介每个发展阶段的剖析来展示“语言”媒介的整个进化历程。麦克卢汉主义语言进化论的核心观点是：“语言”是媒介技术进化的源头,甚至可以说语言是“媒介的媒介”,是“元媒介”；“语言”的形态有“有声语言”(“言语”)和“有形语言”(“文字”),这两者可以说是一切媒介的内容,也就是说“语言”的进化存在于语言出现之后的一切媒介之中——从书籍到电脑、从广播电视到超文本、网络等等。可见,语言是一切媒介的内容,是“媒介的媒介”,这也正是进化论的集中体现。
[Abstract]:McLuhanism is a special term used by French scholars to generalize the academic thoughts of Marshall McLuhan, a media theorist, and other related schools; philosophy of language is a philosophical reflection on "language"; philosophy of language refers to the essential nature and society of the "language" medium of the Macluhan School in Europe and America. The ultimate goal of functional philosophical reflection is to explore the natural and social attributes of "language" media, and to explore the social relations between people, people and media embodied in "language" media through the natural relationship between "language" media and human beings. Luhanism linguistic philosophy refers to the metaphysical system constructed by Macluhan School in Europe and America on the four dimensions of ontology, epistemology, axiology and evolutionism. Compared with general linguistic philosophy, Macluhanism linguistic philosophy has its own unique research object and category: language medium and evolution. The relationship between human beings and human society is the research object, and then the relationship between human beings and the origin of "language" is explored at the level of "ontology"; the function and function of "language" to human cognition is explored at the level of "epistemology"; the value attribute and meaning constitution of "language" is explored at the level of "axiology"; and the evolution theory is discussed. From this, we can see that these four theories are also the four most basic philosophical categories in the framework of McLuhanism's linguistic philosophy.
(1) Macluhanism Language Ontology. The core viewpoint of Macluhanism Language Ontology is that in the mutual relationship of "interactive extension", the "language" medium and human beings have established their respective modes of existence and essential composition respectively. Interactive Extension with Man has always been a problem studied and explored by McLuhan School in Europe and America. Language, as the source of all media and the typical representative of media form, has occupied an important position in the relationship between Man and Language since the beginning of McLuhan's study. On this basis, this paper puts forward "Language and Man's Interaction". The proposition of "dynamic extension" is expected to fully demonstrate the theoretical concern of the school for human nature hidden behind the media through the analysis of "language" by McLuhan School, and to contribute to the construction of the "philosophy of language" system.
(2) Macluhanism linguistic epistemology. The theme of epistemology is "how to recognize the primitive", "how to recognize" is bound to resort to "cognitive tools", and as an extension of human cognitive ability, "language" media is naturally the first to bear the brunt. How does the cognitive subject accomplish the cognitive mission of "cognitive object" by means of "cognitive tool"--the "language" medium, and how does this "cognitive tool" play its role in the process? This paper explores the cognitive abilities and ways of thinking of people at various stages, thus reflecting the reasons for the function of "language" as a "cognitive tool" and its influence. The cognitive role of cognitive subject determines the subjective initiative of the cognitive subject itself.
(3) Macluhanism linguistic axiology. The axiology mainly explores whether and how the subject can satisfy the needs of the subject, and further explores the value attributes and meaning composition of the subject in the process. Macluhanism linguistic axiology takes this as the cornerstone to explore how the medium of "language" meets the human recognition. To be specific, McLuhanism's linguistic axiology is a philosophical doctrine about the functional value orientation of "linguistic" media, which mainly includes three aspects: the political value, cultural value and cognitive value of linguistic media. Therefore, this part will start with the role and significance of "language" media to individuals, countries and societies, and examine and evaluate the political, cultural, cognitive function and value utility of "language" media to human beings and the whole human society.
(4) Macluhanism Language Evolution, originally a set of biological theories to explain the variation between biological parents and offspring, but in fact, the evolution of media morphology is also a manifestation of evolution. The core of McLuhanism's linguistic evolutionism is that language is the source of the evolution of media technology, and it can even be said that language is "the medium of media" and "meta-media". The form of "language" is "sound language". "Language" ("speech") and "tangible language" ("text"), both of which can be said to be the content of all media, that is, the evolution of "language" exists in all media after the emergence of language - from books to computers, from radio and television to hypertext, the Internet and so on. This is also the embodiment of the theory of evolution.
【学位授予单位】：兰州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：H0-05

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