语言类型学视角下的汉语和法语研究

发布时间：2018-08-30 09:00

【摘要】：世界上存在着5000多种语言，也就是说有大约5000种不同的语言系统。需要思考的是对于两个没有血缘关系、没有历史纠葛的语言X和Y之间是否会存在共同点。事实上，各个语言虽然在表面上看来不同，但是实际上人类各语言之间存在着共性，这就是语言类型学的理论基础。发现语言现象变异的规律，指出这种变异的限制，这正是研究语言类型、语言共性的学者所关心的问题。语言类型学被看作为一个历时的研究工具，它不仅研究现存的语言，也研究古代语言。毫无疑问，语言类型学也进行共时研究。这一切都使得它可以分析、解释语言的演变、共性和变异的限制。另外，类型学是针对“人类所有语言”的。它更靠近普通语言学，它的目标是通过各种语言来研究语言运转的规律。通过语言类型学，我们可以把汉语和法语放在一个更为一般、更为广泛的研究框架中审视。本文的主题，一方面是研究汉语和法语之间的共同点，另一个方面是研究两者的变异，特别是要在表面上的变异中找出变异的规律和限制。我们首先观察两种语言的语言现象，然后建立两种语言的共性和不同，然后再尝试进行功能上的解释。当然，这一切都是在语言类型学的视角之下。本文的目的是比较汉语和法语的语言系统，为语言教学、语言之间的翻译等工作提供一些理论基础。虽然，语言类型学研究的主要是不同语言之间的共性和变异，但是研究的角度却有很多。Robin曾经将其总结为：语音类型和音位类型、语法类型、语义类型。实际上还应该有语篇类型等。但是，本文没能把所有的内容都包含进去，只选择其中的一个领域对汉语和法语进行类型学视角下的对比研究。语法类型是类型学研究的核心部分，包含了很多研究内容。本论文的研究就主要在语法类型的范围内展开。第一章简要描述语言类型学的发展历史，介绍语言类型学研究中的一个最重要的研究方法：建立蕴含关系。第二章通过汉语和法语的语法现象分析两个最基本的理据：象似性和经济性。第三章在不同的层次上研究词缀和形态屈折。另外，，还要回顾传统类型学的形态分类，在此基础上，测量融合度和综合度。第四章通过三个最主要的句法成分—主语、动词、宾语，研究了小句的语序。讨论汉语和法语的基本语序，同时也对话题句结构做出分析。第五章研究汉语和法语短语层面的语序。主要为三种短语的语序：名词短语、介词短语、动词短语。名词短语包括一个名词核心和各类修饰语（指别词、形容词等）。动词短语包括一个动词核心和各种状语（副词等）。介词短语包括介词核心和名词。本文主要分析这三种短语在汉语和法语中的共性，这正是语言类型学所关注的。事实上，对汉语和法语进行对比是较为困难的，一直以来都没有什么太好的理论方法，而语言类型学视角为我们解决这个困难提供了一个方法。当然，我们不会天真地认为所有的困难都能得到解决，但是我们至少有了一个较为适合的理论框架来对比汉语和法语，这些困难的解决也至少有了一些可能的途径或方法。
[Abstract]:There are more than 5,000 languages in the world, that is, about 5,000 different language systems. What needs to be considered is whether there will be something in common between two unrelated, unrelated languages, X and Y. In fact, each language, though seemingly different, actually has a common denominator among human languages. This is the theoretical basis of linguistic typology.
Discovering the law of variation in language phenomena and pointing out the limitations of this variation are the concerns of scholars who study language types and linguistic commonalities. Linguistic typology is regarded as a diachronic research tool. It not only studies existing languages, but also ancient languages. There is no doubt that linguistic typology also studies them synchronously. It is closer to general linguistics. Its goal is to study the laws of language operation through various languages. Through linguistic typology, we can put Chinese and French in a more general and more general way. For a broad framework of research.
The theme of this paper is to study the similarities and differences between Chinese and French on the one hand, and the variation between them on the other, especially to find out the rules and limitations of variation in the superficial variation. The purpose of this paper is to compare the language systems of Chinese and French so as to provide some theoretical basis for language teaching and translation between languages.
Although linguistic typology mainly studies the similarities and variations between different languages, there are many perspectives. Robin once summed them up as phonological and phonological types, grammatical types, semantic types. In fact, there should be textual types and so on. However, this paper fails to include all the contents and only selects them. Grammatical typology is the core of typology and contains a lot of research content. The research of this paper is mainly carried out within the scope of grammatical typology.
Chapter One briefly describes the history of linguistic typology and introduces one of the most important research methods in linguistic typology: the establishment of implicative relations.
The second chapter analyzes the two basic motivations: iconicity and economy through the grammatical phenomena of Chinese and French.
Chapter 3 studies affixes and morphological inflections at different levels. In addition, the morphological classification of traditional typology should be reviewed, and on this basis, the degree of fusion and comprehensiveness should be measured.
Chapter Four studies the word order of clauses through three main syntactic components - subject, verb and object. It discusses the basic word order of Chinese and French, and analyzes the structure of the topic sentences.
The fifth chapter studies the word order at the phrase level in Chinese and French. It mainly consists of three phrases: NOUN phrase, prepositional phrase and verb phrase. A noun phrase consists of a noun core and various modifiers (participles, adjectives, etc.). A verb phrase consists of a verb core and various adverbials (adverbs, etc.). Nouns. This paper mainly analyzes the commonalities of these three phrases in Chinese and French, which is the focus of linguistic typology.
As a matter of fact, it is difficult to compare Chinese with French, and there has been no good theoretical method, and the linguistic typological perspective provides us with a way to solve this problem. Of course, we do not naively think that all the difficulties can be solved, but we have at least a more appropriate reason. There are at least some possible ways or means to solve these difficulties by comparing Chinese with French.
【学位授予单位】：上海外国语大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H13;H32

【引证文献】