概念整合视角下基于相似性隐喻的相异性研究

发布时间：2018-09-04 08:05

【摘要】：人类对隐喻的研究已有二千多年历史。自二十世纪八十年代以来，隐喻的研究进入认知阶段。认知语言学家们认为，隐喻不仅是一种修辞手段更是一种思维方式。他们一致认为，相似性是隐喻重要的工作机制，但对相异性研究甚少。概念整合理论是当代阐释隐喻构建和理解极具影响力的理论。该理论的单边网络模式及双边网络模式能清楚地解释相异性对隐喻理解的作用。本论文尝试以概念整合为理论框架，结合具体的案例阐释基于相似性基础上的相异性对隐喻理解过程的作用。本论文认为隐喻的理解以相似性为基础，但基于相似性基础上的相异性（以下简称相异性）对隐喻理解也有一定的作用。因此，隐喻的理解是一个异中求同，同中存异的过程。概念整合的单边网络和双边网络是一个连续统一体。从统一体的一端到另一端，以相似性为基础，隐喻的理解越来越多地来自于基于人类共有经验或共有知识结构的两空间相异性结构的提取与整合。具体地说，单边网络隐喻推理直接源于两空间基于人类共有经验或共有知识结构的相似性,是一种同化融合的过程。即类比推理以人类共有的经验和知识结构为基础，是源域的意象图式向目标域的投射，并且与目标域的结构保持一致。因此相似性是一种抽象的结构。但单边网络隐喻的最终理解来自于层创结构，即来自于源域TF层面结构及来自于目的域不同于源域的TS层面的结构的整合。而以个人经验或在线语境为基础的相似性对双边网络隐喻的理解起关键的作用，但双边网络隐喻推理及最终理解来自于层创结构，此结构实际上是来自于两空间基于人类共有经验或共有知识结构的相异性结构的整合。因为，第一，，根据人类共同的经验和知识结构，两输入空间因差异性太大而几乎无法提取相似性。即使存在共享结构，不同于单边网络隐喻，此结构本身并不能推导出隐喻的意义。第二，以个人经验或在线语境为基础的相似性是异化融合的产物。异化融合使目的域拥有了源域的某些特点,而这些特征与目的域的已有结构相冲突。因此，类比推理以基于人类共有经验或共有知识结构的相异性为基础。第三，此相似性本身也不能推导出隐喻的意义，隐喻的推理及最终理解来自于此结构与目的域的其他结构整合形成的层创结构。整合空间的新结构与人们对目的域共有的知识结构相冲突。正是这种不协调诱发隐喻受众丰富的想象力从而获得了对隐喻的最终理解。显然层创结构实际上是基于人类共有的经验和知识结构的源域和目标域的相异性结构的整合。第四，有的双边网络隐喻理解完全以相异性为基础。此外，隐喻的相似性是一种基于经验的心理相似性，并且相似性的抽取取决于认知主体的认知能力。双边网络隐喻的源域通过异化融合赋予目的域的特点是暂时的，在线的，是以说话者的个人经历及当时语境为基础的。事实上，不同的隐喻受众的经历，知识结构及认知能力都带有明显的个性。因此，在阐释同一隐喻的过程中，隐喻受众的相异性可能会产生不同的映射，投射，组合，完善，拓展，从而，隐喻的理解过程会有或多或少的不同。并且，隐喻的理解过程也是一种欣赏过程。古今中外的隐喻大师们从来没有否认过隐喻的修辞效果。隐喻所带来的生动的修辞效果来自于双重影像，即两空间投射到合成空间相异性结构的并置。两空间相异性越大，修辞效果越大。
[Abstract]:Since the 1980s, metaphor has entered a cognitive stage. Cognitive linguists believe that metaphor is not only a rhetorical device, but also a way of thinking. They agree that similarity is an important working mechanism of metaphor, but little research has been done on the difference. Rationality theory is an influential theory in contemporary interpretation of metaphor construction and comprehension. The unilateral network model and the bilateral network model of this theory can clearly explain the effect of dissimilarity on metaphor comprehension.
This thesis attempts to explain the role of similarity-based dissimilarity in the process of metaphor comprehension within the framework of conceptual integration and concrete cases. The unilateral and bilateral networks of conceptual integration are a continuous entity. From one end of the entity to the other, based on similarity, the understanding of metaphor comes more and more from the proposition of two different spatial structures based on human common experience or common knowledge structure. To be specific, one-sided network metaphorical reasoning originates directly from the similarity between two spaces based on human common experience or knowledge structure, and is a process of assimilation and fusion. Consequently, similarity is an abstract structure. However, the ultimate understanding of unilateral network metaphor comes from the hierarchical structure, that is, the integration of the TF-level structure from the source domain and the TS-level structure from the destination domain which is different from the source domain. The function of the key, but the metaphorical reasoning and ultimate understanding of the bilateral network comes from the hierarchical structure, which is actually the integration of two different structures based on human common experience or knowledge structure. Take similarity. Even if there is a shared structure, unlike a unilateral network metaphor, the structure itself can not deduce the meaning of metaphor. Second, similarity based on personal experience or online context is the product of alienation fusion. Alienation fusion makes the destination domain possess certain characteristics of the source domain, which are similar to the existing structure of the destination domain. Therefore, analogical reasoning is based on the difference between human common experience and common knowledge structure. Thirdly, the similarity itself can not deduce the meaning of metaphor, the reasoning of metaphor and the ultimate understanding of the creative structure formed by the integration of this structure and other structures in the target domain. It is this incongruity that elicits the imagination of the metaphorical audience and leads to a final understanding of metaphor. Obviously, the hierarchical structure is actually the integration of the source domain and the target domain of the common human experience and knowledge structure. Fourthly, some bilateral network metaphors are fully understood. In addition, similarity in metaphor is an empirical psychological similarity, and the extraction of similarity depends on the cognitive ability of the cognitive subject. As a matter of fact, the experience, knowledge structure and cognitive ability of different metaphorical audiences have distinct individualities. Therefore, in the process of interpreting the same metaphor, the differences of the metaphorical audiences may produce different mappings, projections, combinations, perfections and extensions. Thus, the understanding process of metaphor will be more or less different. Ancient and modern Chinese and foreign masters of metaphor have never denied the rhetoric effect of metaphor. The vivid rhetoric effect of metaphor comes from double images, i.e. the juxtaposition of two spaces projecting into the structure of dissimilarity in synthetic space.
【学位授予单位】：湖南科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H05

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