重庆话口语中话题的结构与功能

发布时间：2018-09-07 10:32

【摘要】：话题现象是语言学研究的热点，功能派、形式派都从各自的立场对话题概念进行界定。从功能上说，话题具有已知性，是话语的出发点，是句子内容相关之所在。从结构上说，话题可以被定义为句首的成分，语序也是话题化的手段之一。对汉语话题而言，赵元任（1968）认为汉语的主语和话题是等同的，而Li和Thompson（1976）在“主语-话题”的类型学里把汉语归为话题优先型语言，英语归为主语优先型语言，使人们将话题和主语区别对待。徐烈炯、刘丹青赞同他们关于汉语话题优先型的观点，并用上海方言为研究对象，以乔姆斯基的一般化转换说为理论框架，把汉语话题定义为一个语法化的句法成分，并把话题从结构位置上分为主话题、次话题和次次话题，开创了用当代语言类型学的成果来研究汉语方言的句法类型的先河，也做出了把汉语话题作为一种句法成分而建立一种新的汉语语法体系的大胆尝试。但徐烈炯、刘丹青在理论上设立主话题、次话题、次次话题的做法也导致了句法歧义的产生，袁毓林（2003）就指出这种句法歧义的产生究竟是句子本身的结构造成还是理论上的设置所致，并且怀疑主话题、次话题和次次话题划分的必要性。徐、刘二位学者与袁毓林的分歧在于从理论上把话题作为句法结构上的概念处理还是作为功能层面的概念处理。石毓智（2001）也认为汉语中的主语和话题不能划等号，句法上的主语可以成为话题的一种表现形式，话题可以分为无标记话题和标记性话题两种形式。针对汉语话题界定的这种纠葛，本文在分析徐烈炯、刘丹青对汉语话题句法定义的基础上，从功能层面对话题进行界定，并根据不同成分具备话题功能时的不同结构特点把话题分为标记性话题和无标记话题。本文以重庆话口语为研究对象，通过随机录音建立了约50669字的重庆话口语语料库，对重庆话口语中可以用作话题标记的后附性虚词“耶”、“U;”、“唛”、“嗳”进行分析，以说话人性别和年龄为变量，探究性别和年龄是否导致这些后附性虚词在使用功能上的差异，是否导致它们用作话题标记时的使用差异以及是否导致它们用作语气词时的使用差异。本文还分析了重庆话口语中话题的主要功能和句子中多个话题并存时的相互关系，对于汉语话题的语法化，本文也通过分析汉语里，，尤其是重庆话口语里不同成分具备话题功能的不同结构，认为汉语话题语法化程度高于英语话题语法化程度并非由于汉语话题已经语法化为一个句法成分，而是因为汉语话题语法化的形式更加丰富，无论是具备话题功能成分的多样性和广泛性，还是话题标记手段的多样性，都说明汉语话题较高的语法化程度。对于汉语里特有的“把”字句结构，本文也分析了它的话题性，认为从功能层面讲，“把”字结构的话题功能是显而易见的。最后，本文还分析了话题的指称性，无论是名词性结构作话题，还是动词性结构或小句作话题，都有一定的指称特点。本文结合功能和句法的理论知识，以重庆话口语为研究对象，对汉语话题从功能上进行界定，并探究汉语及其方言里实现话题功能的各种句法手段，同时以社会语言学和统计学的方法分析重庆话口语里特有话题标记词的真实使用情况，希望对汉语话题和重庆方言的研究提供新的借鉴和参考。
[Abstract]:Topic phenomenon is a hot topic in linguistics. Both functional and formal schools define the concept of topic from their own standpoints. Functionally speaking, topic is known, the starting point of discourse and the content of a sentence is related. Structurally speaking, topic can be defined as the component of the beginning of a sentence, and word order is also one of the means of topicalization.
Zhao Yuanren (1968) thinks the subject and topic are the same in Chinese, while Li and Thompson (1976) classify Chinese as topic-priority language and English as subject-priority language in the typology of subject-topic, which makes people differentiate between topic and subject. Taking the Shanghai dialect as the research object and Chomsky's theory of generalized transformation as the theoretical framework, this paper defines the Chinese topic as a grammaticalized syntactic component, and divides the topic into the main topic, the sub-topic and the sub-topic from the structural position, thus creating the achievements of contemporary linguistic typology to study Chinese dialects. However, Xu Lijiong and Liu Danqing set up the main topic, the sub-topic and the sub-topic in theory, which also led to the emergence of syntactic ambiguity. Yuan Yulin (2003) pointed out that this kind of syntactic ambiguity came into being. The difference between Xu, Liu and Yuan Yulin lies in whether the topic is treated as a syntactic concept or as a functional concept. Shi Yuzhi (2001) also thinks that the Han Dynasty is a Chinese language. Subject and topic can not be equally labeled, and the syntactic subject can be a form of expression of the topic, which can be divided into two forms: unmarked topic and marked topic.
In view of this entanglement in the definition of Chinese topic, this paper, on the basis of analyzing Xu Liejiong and Liu Danqing's definition of Chinese topic syntax, defines the topic from the functional level, and divides the topic into marked topic and unmarked topic according to the different structural characteristics of different components with topic function. Xiangxiang, an oral corpus of about 50669 words in Chongqing dialect is set up by random recording. The function of these auxiliary functional words, which can be used as topic markers in spoken Chongqing dialect, is analyzed. The gender and age of the speaker are taken as variables to explore whether gender and age lead to the functional differences of these auxiliary functional words. This paper also analyzes the main functions of topics in spoken Chongqing dialect and the relationship between multiple topics in sentences. As for the grammaticalization of Chinese topics, this paper also analyzes the grammaticalization of Chinese topics, especially Chongqing. It is believed that the grammaticalization degree of Chinese topic is higher than that of English topic not because the Chinese topic has been grammaticalized into a syntactic component, but because the forms of Chinese topic grammaticalization are more abundant, regardless of the diversity and extensiveness of topic functional components. The variety of topic markers indicates the high degree of grammaticalization of Chinese topics. This paper also analyzes the topic nature of the unique "ba" sentence structure in Chinese and holds that the topic function of the "ba" structure is obvious from the functional level. Whether the sexual structure is a topic or a verbal structure or a minor clause is a topic of reference.
Based on the theoretical knowledge of function and syntax, this paper takes the spoken Chongqing dialect as the research object, defines the Chinese topic from the functional point of view, and explores the various syntactic means to realize the topic function in Chinese and its dialects. At the same time, it analyzes the real use of the special topic markers in spoken Chongqing dialect by means of sociolinguistics and statistics. I hope to provide new reference and reference for the study of Chinese topic and Chongqing dialect.
【学位授予单位】：上海外国语大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H172.3

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