关于汉语非宾格动词及其句法表现的研究

发布时间：2019-01-09 13:38

【摘要】：非宾格假说一直以来都是句法学界研究和讨论的热点。许多学者利用这种假说对汉语非宾格动词进行了研究，但仍有许多问题没有得到彻底的解决。比如，对于汉语不及物动词带宾语现象，许多学者主要从格理论和轻动词进行了阐述，但这些理论没有普遍应用性。汉语非宾格动词带宾语句式中，除了动词后的受事论元外，句首还有个名词短语。传统的语法无法给这些名词短语指派合适的角色。研究表明，，这类句子都属于带有中间论元与内在论元的二元非宾格句。非宾格动词前的名词短语在论元结构中都担任经验者的角色，在句法结构中都位于标准的主语位置，它们到达主语位置的手段不是移位，而是基础生成。黄正德(2007)指出，不仅一元动词分为非宾格和非作格动词，二元和三元动词也可以分为非宾格和非作格动词。因此所有的动词都可以归结于非宾格系列和非作格系列中。在汉语的双宾结构中，“给、予”类动词属于非宾格系列，“偷、抢”类动词属于非作格系列。非宾格系列描述一切以受事为中心的事件，而非作格系列则代表一切以施事为中心的事件。我们把“给、予”类的双宾结构分析为三元非宾格结构，即一个宾语（受事）及两个主语（致事和历事），“偷、抢”类动词的双宾结构分析为三元非作格结构，即一个主语（施事）及两个宾语（受事和蒙事）。被动句式中的动词也被看作是一种派生的非宾格动词，它是由相应的及物动词形成。经过被动化的操作过程，原来的及物动词的外论元受到抑制，同时动词也丧失了原有的及物性，从而成了不及物动词。被动动词在宾语位置上基础生成的宾语有时仍可保留在原位，这是汉语具有显性非宾格现象的一个证据。本文认为，动词之后的论元名词组虽然从动词那里无法获得宾格，但可以将空主语位置的主格继承过来，汉语的名词词组移位则是为了生成一个无标记话题。在论元名词组留在原位的同时，汉语非宾格句子允许句首位置出现一个表示领属的名词组。该领有名词组应该分析为基础生成的标记性话题，由述语中的语义变量所允许。论元名词组进入空主语位置则生成受事主语句。
[Abstract]:The non-objective hypothesis has always been a hot topic in the field of sentence law. Many scholars have used this hypothesis to study Chinese non-object verbs, but there are still many problems that have not been solved thoroughly. For example, the phenomenon of intransitive verb with object in Chinese has been expounded by many scholars mainly from case theory and light verb, but these theories are not universally applied. There is a noun phrase at the beginning of the sentence, in addition to the patient argument after the verb. Traditional grammar cannot assign proper roles to these noun phrases. It is shown that these sentences belong to binary unobjective sentences with intermediate argument and internal argument. The noun phrases before the unobjective verbs play the role of empiricists in the argument structure and the standard subject positions in the syntactic structures. The means to reach the subject positions are not the shift but the basic generation. Huang Zhengde (2007) pointed out that not only the univariate verbs can be divided into non-objective and non-ergative verbs, but also the binary and ternary verbs can be divided into non-objective and non-ergative verbs. Therefore, all verbs can be attributed to the non-case series and non-ergative series. In the double object structure of Chinese, the verb of "give, give" belongs to the series of unobjectibles, and the verb of "steal, rob" belongs to the series of non-errands. The non-bin series describes all events centered on the patient, and the non-ergative series represents all the events centered on the agent. We analyze the double object structure of "giving, giving" as a three-element non-object structure, that is, one object (subject) and two subjects (cause and history), and the double object structure of "steal, rob" type verb is analyzed as a ternary non-case structure. That is, a subject (agent) and two objects (subject and mischief). The verb in the passive sentence is also regarded as a derivative unobjective verb, which is formed by the corresponding transitive verb. After the passive operation, the external argument of the original transitive verb is restrained, and the verb also loses its original and transitivity, thus becoming intransitive verb. The object generated by passive verbs in the position of object can sometimes be retained in the same position, which is a proof of the phenomenon of explicit non-object in Chinese. This paper holds that although the argument name phrase after the verb can not obtain the object case from the verb, it can inherit the subject case of the empty subject position, and the shift of the noun phrase in Chinese is in order to generate an unmarked topic. While the argument name phrase remains in place, the Chinese unobjective sentence allows the appearance of a name phrase at the beginning of the sentence. The famous phrase should be analyzed as a basis for generating marked topics, which are permitted by the semantic variables in the predicate. The argument name phrase enters the empty subject position and generates the subject sentence.
【学位授予单位】：曲阜师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H146

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