中国阿尔泰语系的语序类型研究

发布时间：2019-03-15 15:09

【摘要】：本文运用语言类型学的有关理论,结合阿尔泰语系的语言结构特点,全面分析了阿尔泰语系的语序类型及其特点。以往对阿尔泰语系所做的研究主要集中在三个方面：运用历史语言学理论探讨阿尔泰语系各语族之间、语族内各语言之间的亲属关系,运用结构语言学理论分析各语言的结构特征,运用比较语言学理论对阿尔泰语系各语族、各语族内部的各个语言、各语族之间的各个语言进行比较分析。本文在已有研究成果的基础上,尝试从语序类型学的角度,对阿尔泰语系的语序类型及其特征进行深入分析,并运用描写语言学、认知语言学和语言类型学的有关理论予以解释。语序类型的研究首先考虑的就是研究思路的确定和研究参项的选取。阿尔泰语系各语族之间语序特征上基本上是一致的,因此,本文打破语族之间的界限,按照形态、词、短语、句子的顺序,采用层层分类的方法,综合分析各语言的语序类型特征。在选取参项时,根据语序类型学的有关理论,结合阿尔泰语系自身特点,确定研究参项。阿尔泰语系形态类型上属于粘着语,语序类型上属于SOV型语言。阿尔泰语系又是后置词语言,它的名词、动词的修饰语都在名词前边,同时,名词、动词的附加成分都在名词、动词的后面,后置词也在名词、动词的后面,这样,阿尔泰语系的SOV语序内部又有两个方向的语序分布：修饰成分类前置,附加成分类后置,并且名词性成分、动词性成分的结构都是“修饰语+中心语+附加成分”的结构。除了绪论和结语外,论文正文部分分为六章。绪论部分提出本文研究对象的基本特点、研究的意义及难点、研究的思路及语料来源。第一章是研究概述。首先总结了国外语序类型学的研究概况,并把语序类型学研究中常见的几大原则作了简要介绍。其次,概述了国内汉藏语序类型的研究概况及阿尔泰语系的语序研究概况。汉藏语系在语序类型研究方面的成果很多,也很有特色,而阿尔泰语系的语序类型研究成果却很少。第二章是名词附加成分的语序类型研究。这一章分析了名词的复数、格、人称领属附加成分的语序类型。根据各个附加成分的语序及语义特点,把名词的附加成分分为内部形态和外部形态两类：名词复数附加成分是名词内部形态,格和人称领属附加成分是名词外部形态。名词各类附加成分不但可以单独出现在名词后面,还可以一起共现在名词后面。第三章是动词附加成分的语序类型研究。阿尔泰语系的动词有时、体、态、式、人称、否定等方面的形态变化。这些形式的附加成分既可以单独出现在动词后,也可以两个或两个以上共现在动词后面,而且各类附加成分的共现有一定顺序。第四章是关于词的语序类型研究。本章重点分析了后置词、疑问代词的语序类型及其特征。阿尔泰语系属于后置词语言,后置词普遍存在于阿尔泰语系的各个语言中。后置词既能出现在名词的后面,也能出现在动词的后面。与名词形成的后置词结构可以是无标记的,也可以是有标记的,而与动词形成的后置词结构都是有标记的。第五章是短语的语序类型研究。本章主要分析了名词性短语、动词性短语、形容词性短语的语序类型及其特征。名词的修饰语具有主客观之分,离名词最近的是客观性最强的修饰语,离名词越远,主观性越强。动词的修饰语分为两种：动词前的修饰语即副词性成分和动词后的修饰语即助动词。这两类修饰语各有特点。形容词的修饰语主要分析了程度副词与否定词,程度副词位于形容词的前面,否定词位于形容词的后面。第六章是句子的语序类型研究。本章分析了三种句型即SOV、OSV和OVS,两种句式即双及物句式及差比句式。在SOV、OSV和OVS三种句型中,SOV中可以没有宾格标记,所以是无标记的句型,是阿尔泰语系的基本句型。阿尔泰语系的差比句有两种语序：比较项在被比较项前的差比句和比较项在被比较项后的差比句。不管是哪种语序,有两点是不变的：比较标记总在被比较项的后面,比较结果总在句子的结尾。阿尔泰语系的双及物句语序比较灵活,主语可以在句首、句中出现,突厥语族的一些语言中主语还可以出现在句尾。直接宾语可以在间接宾语的前面,间接宾语也可以在直接宾语的前面。相比之下,直接宾语在间接宾语后可以不用宾格标记,所以直接宾语在间接宾语后面的双及物句是更常见的双及物句。最后是结语。阿尔泰语系的基本语序是SOV。在句子中,谓语动词的结构是“外在语义成分+动词+内部语义成分”,外在语义成分是静态的,内部语义成分是动态的,所以谓语动词结构是平衡的结构。句子在结构上、语义上也都呈现平衡的状态。
[Abstract]:This paper, using the theory of language typology, in combination with the characteristics of the language structure of the Altaic language, fully analyses the type and characteristics of the Altaic language. In the past, the research on the Altaic language family mainly focuses on three aspects: using the theory of historical linguistics to study the relationship between the various languages of the Altai family, and using the theory of structural linguistics to analyze the structural features of each language. By using the comparative linguistics theory, the language of Altya family, the language of each group and the language of each group are compared and analyzed. On the basis of the existing research results, this paper attempts to make an in-depth analysis of the order type and the characteristics of the Altai language family from the perspective of the typology of the order, and explain the related theories of the descriptive linguistics, the cognitive linguistics and the language typology. First of all, the study of the word order type is the determination of the study thought and the selection of the study. In this paper, we break the boundary between the groups, and then, according to the order of the form, the word, the phrase and the sentence, adopt the method of layer-by-layer classification, and analyze the order type of each language in a comprehensive way. On the basis of the relevant theory of the typology of the word order, according to the relevant theory of the typology of the order, the study parameter is determined according to the characteristics of the Altaic language. Item. The Altaic type belongs to an adhesive, and the word order type belongs to SOV. The Altaic language is the last word, its noun, the modifier of the verb are in the front of the noun, and the noun and the additional component of the verb are both in the noun and the verb, and the latter is also behind the noun, the verb In this way, in the SOV of the Altaic family, there are two directions in the order of the word order: to be modified into a pre-class, to be attached to a classification, and to be a noun component, and the structure of the verb component is a "Modifier + Central + Additional Components". The structure of the paper. In addition to the introduction and the conclusion, the body of the paper This paper is divided into six chapters. The introduction part puts forward the basic characteristics of the research object, the significance and the difficulty of the research, and the thought of the study. And the source of the corpus. The chapter is a summary of the study. First of all, a summary of the study of the typology of the foreign language is summarized, and some of the most common ones in the study of the typology of the order are summarized. Then a brief introduction is made. Secondly, the study of the type of Chinese-Tibetan language order and the Altaic language family are introduced. The study of the order of the Chinese and Tibetan language in the study of the type of the order type is a lot, and it is also very characteristic, and the type of the Altaic language is of the type. The research results are very few. The second chapter is the addition of the term The study of the order type of the composition. The chapter analyses the plural, the lattice, the person and the person of the noun. The word order type of the additional component. According to the order and the semantic characteristics of each additional component, the additional component of the noun is divided into two categories: internal form and external form: the plural additional components of the noun are the internal form of the noun, the lattice and the person's name are attached. The component is the external form of the noun. The various additional components of the noun can not only appear in the back of the noun, but also can A common noun. The third is a verb. An order type study of an additional component. The Altaic verb is sometimes in the form of a body, a state, a formula, a person, The form of an additional component can only appear in the back of the verb, but also two or more of the present verbs are followed by the verb, and all kinds of attachment There is a certain order in which the ingredients are added. The four chapters are the study of the word order type of the word. This chapter focuses on the following words, The word order type and its characteristics of the interrogative pronouns. In the various languages of the Altaic family. In the back, it can also appear in the back of the verb. The post-placement structure formed with the noun can be untagged or marked, not in the form of a verb. The resulting prefix structure is marked. The fifth chapter is the study of the word order type of the phrase. This chapter mainly analyzes the noun phrase, the verb phrase, The word order type and its characteristic of the adjective phrase. The modifier of the noun has the subjective and objective function, and the term closest to the term is the most objective. As a modifier, the further the term is, the stronger the subjectivity is. The modifier of the verb is divided into two: the modifier before the verb, that is, the adverb A modifier after a sexual component and a verb. The modifier of the adjective mainly analyzes the degree of the adverb and the negative, and the degree of the adverb is in the adjective. In front of the adjective, the negative is located behind the adjective This chapter analyses three sentence patterns, namely, SOV, OSV, and OV. in that three sentence pattern of SOV, OSV and OVS, there can be no bin mark in the SOV, so it is not The sentence pattern of the mark is the basic sentence pattern of the Altaic language. There are two types of differences in the Altaic language: the comparison term is before the item to be compared The difference between the comparison term and the comparison term after being compared. Whatever the order of the comparison, there are two points that are the same: the comparison mark is always At the end of the sentence, the result of the comparison is always at the end of the sentence. The two-and-a-word order of the Altaic language is more flexible, and the subject can appear in the beginning and sentence of the sentence. In some languages of the family, the subject can also appear at the end of the sentence. The direct object can be in the front of the indirect object In contrast, the direct object can not be marked by the binge after the indirect object, so the direct object is in the indirect object. a two-and-a-half The sentence is a more common form of double and object sentences. The basic order of the Altaic language is SOV. In the sentence, the structure of the predicate verb is a "in addition to that semantic component + verb + internal semantic component", and the external semantic component is static and the internal semantic component It is dynamic, so the predicate verb structure is a balanced structure.
【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H2

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