黄河三角洲湿地水生态系统污染、退化与湿地修复的初步研究

发布时间：2018-01-10 03:13

本文关键词：黄河三角洲湿地水生态系统污染、退化与湿地修复的初步研究　出处：《中国海洋大学》2015年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：近年来湿地污染、退化、生态修复和保护等研究已引起国内外学者的广泛关注。黄河三角洲湿地是陆海相互作用的集中地带,生态敏感脆弱,易受到人类活动的影响,目前已存在湿地污染、退化和生态功能下降等诸多问题。本文以黄河三角洲湿地水生态系统为研究对象,开展了湿地水生态系统污染现状调查与评价、系统退化特征与过程分析、系统退化评价、以及芦苇湿地修复等研究。主要研究结果如下：1、黄河三角洲湿地水生态系统污染现状调查与质量评价黄河三角洲湿地淡水区域水质轻度富营养化,主要污染因子为总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、石油烃、汞(Hg)、氨氮(NH4+-N)等；黄河干流与静态水域污染较轻,以广利河、挑河、神仙沟、小岛河、孤东油田排涝沟、潮河为代表的支流水体污染较重：湿地近岸海域富营养化较为明显,陆源输入的化学需氧量(COD)和无机氮是造成富营养化的主要原因；表层沉积物受到氮污染及轻微的磷污染,重金属污染总体属于中度水平,Hg和镉(Cd)是潜在污染风险源,石油烃和多聚联苯(PCBs)存在点源污染威胁；湿地渔业资源生物受到铅(Pb)和铬(Cr)的污染,污染超标率均为100%。2、黄河三角洲湿地水生生态系统退化与评价通过对黄河三角洲湿地水生态系统特征与功能现状分析,从物理、生物和化学三方面研究其退化过程。物理方面表现为：自然湿地面积锐减,景观多样性水平下降；生物方面表现为：生物多样性降低,生物量和生产力呈现逐年下降趋势,生物群落和生态系统结构改变；化学方面表现为：湿地水土、生物体污染与土壤盐渍化。采用层次分析法构建湿地退化指标体系,基于PSR模型对黄河三角洲湿地水生态系统退化进行评价,评价结果显示黄河三角洲呈现出整体退化的趋势,退化等级为轻微退化。农业围垦、陆源污染、石油工业开发、黄河断流、海岸侵蚀与大型水利工程建设、湿地资源利用过度、生物入侵、风暴潮与海平面上升等都是导致湿地退化的主要因素。3、黄河三角洲湿地生态修复：芦苇湿地净化的初步研究以山东黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区天然芦苇湿地、神仙沟流域人工芦苇湿地为研究对象,通过黄河调水调沙来水、人工提取神仙沟来水,进行芦苇湿地生态修复与污染物净化研究。结果发现,天然芦苇湿地总氮、氨氮、硝态氮、总磷、磷酸盐去除效率分别为24.495、13.190、2.238、0.824、0.353 mg/(m2·d),据此估算,每年灌期保护区大约可以去除总氮138.7 t、总磷4.7 t、氨氮74.7 t、硝态氮12.7 t；人工芦苇湿地总氮、总磷、化学需氧量去除速率分别为42.42、0.786、78.793 mg/(m2·d),人工湿地去除效率显著高于天然湿地。生态补水、污染防控和保护区建设是最有效、最快速的湿地修复途径。
[Abstract]:In recent years, researches on wetland pollution, degradation, ecological restoration and protection have attracted extensive attention from scholars at home and abroad. Wetland in the Yellow River Delta is a concentrated zone of land and sea interaction, and ecological sensitivity is fragile. Vulnerable to the impact of human activities, there are many problems such as wetland pollution, degradation and decline of ecological function. This paper takes the wetland water ecosystem of the Yellow River Delta as the research object. The investigation and evaluation of wetland water ecosystem pollution, the analysis of system degradation characteristics and process, the evaluation of system degradation, and the restoration of Reed wetland were carried out. The main results are as follows: 1. Investigation and quality Evaluation of Wetland Water ecosystem pollution in the Yellow River Delta the water quality in the freshwater area of the Yellow River Delta is slightly eutrophication. The main pollution factors are total nitrogen (TNN), total phosphorus (TP) and petroleum hydrocarbons. HG, NH _ 4-N, etc.; The pollution of the main stream and the static waters of the Yellow River is relatively light. The water pollution of the tributaries represented by the Guangli River, the Tiaohe River, the Shenxiangou River, the small Island River, the Gudong Oilfield drainage ditch and the Chaohe River are more serious: the eutrophication in the coastal area of the wetland is obvious. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and inorganic nitrogen were the main causes of eutrophication. The surface sediments were polluted by nitrogen and minor phosphorus, while heavy metal pollution was a potential source of pollution risk, generally belonging to moderate levels of HG and CD ~ (2 +). Petroleum hydrocarbons and polybiphenyls (PCBs) are threatened by point source pollution. The fishery resources of wetland were polluted by Pb (Pb) and Cr (Cr), the rate of pollution exceeding the standard was 100. 2%. The degradation and Evaluation of Wetland Aquatic ecosystem in the Yellow River Delta based on the analysis of the characteristics and functions of the wetland aquatic ecosystem in the Yellow River Delta, the physical analysis is carried out in this paper. The degradation process is studied from three aspects of biology and chemistry. The physical aspects are as follows: the area of natural wetland decreases sharply and the level of landscape diversity decreases; In biological aspect, biodiversity decreased, biomass and productivity decreased year by year, biota and ecosystem structure changed. The chemical aspects are: wetland soil and water pollution and soil salinization. The index system of wetland degradation is constructed by analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the degradation of wetland water ecosystem in the Yellow River Delta is evaluated based on PSR model. The evaluation results show that the Yellow River Delta shows a trend of overall degradation, with a slight degradation grade. Agricultural reclamation, land-based pollution, petroleum industry development, Yellow River disconnection, coastal erosion and large-scale water conservancy construction. Excessive utilization of wetland resources, biological invasion, storm surge and sea level rise are the main factors leading to wetland degradation. Wetland Ecological Restoration in the Yellow River Delta: the primary study of Reed wetland purification in Shandong Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve natural Reed wetland, Shenxiangou watershed artificial Reed wetland as the research object. The ecological restoration of Reed wetland and the purification of pollutants were carried out by artificial extraction of water from Shenxian ditch through the Yellow River. The results showed that the total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and total phosphorus of natural Reed wetland were found to be total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen (NH _ 3), nitrate nitrogen (no _ 3) and total phosphorus (TP). The removal efficiency of phosphate was 24.495U 13.1908 ~ (2 238U) 0.824N 0.353 mg/(m2 路dl, respectively, which was estimated on the basis of this method. The total nitrogen, total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen can be removed about 138.7 t, 4.7 t, 74.7 t and 12.7 t, respectively. The removal rates of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and chemical oxygen demand in artificial Reed wetland were 42.42 ~ 0.786 ~ 78.793 mg/(m2 路d respectively. The removal efficiency of artificial wetland is significantly higher than that of natural wetland, and ecological rehydration, pollution prevention and control and reserve construction are the most effective and quickest ways for wetland restoration.
【学位授予单位】：中国海洋大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：X171

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