玛纳斯河流域土地利用变化的生态环境质量评价

发布时间：2018-02-14 03:27

本文关键词： LUCC 生态环境质量玛纳斯河流域　出处：《石河子大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：土地利用/覆被变化是引起全球及区域生态环境变化的核心动力。伴随大规模工业化、城市化的快速推进,干旱区人工用地规模、强度不断扩大,自然地类受到不同程度的干扰或替代,干旱区土地利用类型及结构都发生了较大变化,使绿洲化进程不断加快的同时,荒漠化危害也在不断蔓延,沙漠化、盐渍化扩大难以遏制,绿洲土地利用变化在发展边疆社会经济、改善各民族民生福祉的同时,也给当地的生态环境带来了巨大压力。如何科学合理地开发利用土地资源,推进土地利用与生态环境协调发展,是干旱区农业现代化和新型城镇化建设必须解决的重大问题。以新疆玛纳斯河流域(玛河流域,下同)为研究对象,根据能量生态学及景观生态学原理,用遥感识别及GIS空间分析方法,先定量分析土地利用变化特征;然后借助RSEI(遥感生态环境指数),实证研究流域生态环境质量变化趋势;最后通过建立土地利用变化与生态环境质量变化关系及模拟模式,系统分析了土地利用变化引起的生态环境质量时空分异过程及格局,探究了23年玛河流域土地利用变化下的生态环境质量变化。结果显示:1、本文从土地利用类型数量变化、结构变化及转移方向这三个角度来分析玛河流域1993-2016年的土地利用变化特征。(1)1993-2016年玛河流域土地利用数量变化整体上呈现“三增四减”的现状,流域自然用地面积逐期减少,人工用地面积不断增加,流域内部人工痕迹明显。(2)从转移矩阵上看,土地利用类型转移频繁,形式多样,耕地和建设用地以转入为主,未利用地、荒漠、林地、水域以转出为主,这表明受人类活动影响,流域内土地利用结构发生较大变化。(3)受干旱区MODS系统的影响,山地、洪积扇、洪积平原和荒漠区土地利用类型差异明显。2、基于RSEI的生态环境质量特征,将生态环境质量指数分成差、较差、一般、良和优5级。通过转移矩阵分析总体上呈现“四减一增”,差、较差、一般、良等级面积减少,优等级面积剧增,流域生态环境质量得到了明显改善。优等级主要分布在绿洲耕地及山区林地,并向上游洪积扇及两侧阶地扩展,说明了人类作用于土地覆被,致使生态环境发生明显变化。对流域3期生态环境质量图进行空间差值分析得知,玛河流域生态质量改善区明显多于恶化区,改善区集中分布在绿洲内部耕地,大量未利用土地改造成耕地;恶化区集中分布在林地、建设用地和水域。3、土地利用类型、结构的变化影响生态环境质量发展变化。这种变化从生态环境角度可以划分为两种,一种是对生态环境有积极的影响,表现在荒漠、未利用地被耕地和建设用地所代替,生态环境质量有所改善;另一种是对生态环境有负面的影响,主要变现为林地和水域面积持续减少,致使流域生态环境更加的脆弱。本文在前人对玛河流域相关研究的基础上,通过探讨土地利用与生态环境质量之间的内在关系,研究发现土地利用类型及结构变化对生态环境质量产生明显影响,土地利用的分布格局也大体上决定了生态环境质量的分布格局,该研究对促进干旱区流域土地利用结构调整、维护绿洲生态平衡有重要现实意义。
[Abstract]:Land use / cover change is the core force of global and regional environmental change. With the rapid development of city scale, the artificial land scale in arid region, the strength of expanding, naturally kind of interference or substitution in different degree, type and structure of land use in arid area has greatly changed, the to speed up the process of oasis and desertification in spreading, desertification, salinization expansion difficult to contain, the oasis land use changes in social and economic development of frontier, improve the people's livelihood and well-being of the nation at the same time, but also to the local ecological environment has brought tremendous pressure. How to scientific and rational development and utilization of land resources, promote the land use and ecological environment coordinated development, is the major problems to solve the construction of arid agriculture modernization and new towns. In Xinjiang Manasi River Basin (Mary River The domain, the same below) as the research object, according to the energy ecology and landscape ecology principle, analysis method for remote sensing identification and GIS space, the characteristics of land use change to quantitative analysis; and with the help of RSEI (remote sensing ecological environment, ecological environment quality index) An Empirical Study on the changing trend of river basin; finally through the establishment of simulation model and the relationship between the change and ecological environment the quality of the land use change, systematic analysis of the land use change process and pattern of ecological environmental quality caused by the time, explored 23 years in Manas River watershed land use change the ecological environment quality changes. The results showed that: 1, the number of types of land use change, land use change three aspects of the structural changes transfer and direction analysis of Manas River Valley for 1993-2016 years. (1) 1993-2016 years in Manas River watershed land use status changes in the number of overall presented three additional four reduction in the flow, The domain of natural land area gradually reduced, the artificial land area increased within the basin (2). Artifacts from the transfer matrix, land use change frequently, in various forms, cultivated land and construction land in turn, unused land, desert, woodland, water area to roll out this. That affected by human activities, the land use structure. Great changes have taken place in (3) affected by the MODS system in arid area of the mountain, alluvial fan, alluvial plain and desert area of land use type difference.2, RSEI ecological environment quality characteristics based on the ecological environment quality index is divided into poor, poor, general. Good and excellent in 5. Through the analysis of transfer matrix showed a "four minus one increase, poor, poor, common, good grade area reduced, grade area leap, the ecological environment quality has been significantly improved. The optimal level is mainly distributed in the mountain and oasis farmland Area of woodland, and extended to the upstream alluvial fan and both sides of terrace, illustrates the human impact on the land cover, the ecological environment has undergone significant changes. The spatial difference analysis of 3 watershed ecological environment quality, ecological quality in Manas River Watershed improvement area was more than the deterioration area, improve the distribution of cultivated land in oasis area, a large number of unused land into arable land; deterioration areas concentrated in the forest, land and water.3 construction, land use types, structural changes affect the development of ecological environment quality changes. This change from the point of view of ecological environment can be divided into two kinds, one is a positive impact on the ecological environment in the desert, not by using construction land and cultivated land instead, ecological environment quality has improved; the other is a negative impact on the ecological environment, the main cash for forest land and water area continued to decrease, resulting in flow The ecological environment more fragile. Based on the predecessors of the Manas River basin research, through to explore the internal relations between land use and ecological environment quality. The study found that the changes of land use types and structure have a significant impact on the ecological environment, the distribution pattern of land use is also largely determines the distribution pattern of ecological environment the quality of the research to promote the adjustment of land utilization structure in the basin, maintenance has important practical significance to the ecological balance of the oasis.

【学位授予单位】：石河子大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：X826

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