全球森林治理：机制、机构、理念、前景

发布时间：2018-05-03 06:11

本文选题：全球森林治理 + 森林市场机制　；参考：《吉林大学》2015年博士论文

【摘要】：随着国际环境问题与发展问题交替升温,森林已成为应对气候变化、保护生物多样性、涵养水源、减轻贫困等环境与发展问题的交汇点与重要解决途径。但是,因国际森林问题的复杂性,国际森林谈判迟滞、长期无果,一直未达成具有法律约束力的国际森林公约。在这种情况下,将森林问题纳入《联合国气候变化框架公约》、《联合国防治荒漠化公约》、《联合国生物多样性公约》及《湿地公约》等国际法框架下,使原本就很复杂的国际森林问题变得更加复杂和碎片化。而且,对森林的各种需求之间的冲突,使森林承受着巨大的压力,管理部门的协调难度加大。林业规制中至关重要的法律机制的缺乏,森林规制机构的庞杂重复,都加剧了这种冲突与难度,迫切需要进行与时代要求相适应的全球森林治理改革。本文以全球治理理论、现代林业理论和可持续发展理论为指导,综合运用多种方法,从全球森林治理的机制、机构、理念、前景等几个维度,以五章的结构,对问题进行了系统的梳理和深入的剖析。第一章为全球森林治理的理论。目前,全球森林的可持续管理还未形成具有法律约束力的全球性规范,有关森林问题的国际谈判富有政治色彩,各国在森林生态、经济和社会价值方面的竞争,已成为各方达成森林使用和管理国际标准协议的障碍,全球森林保护问题单纯用国际法进行规制不成体系,收效甚微。现有的与森林治理有关的国际法律规范很少是软法或者准法律规范(如森林认证),不具有法律约束力。在森林问题上,无论是发达国家还是发展中国家均面临法治困境,需要促进利益相关者充分参与森林规制实践,进行治理改革。国际社会将全球治理理论引入到全球森林保护中来,进行全球森林治理,为解决全球森林治理问题开辟了新的路径。其对国际森林谈判的重启,全球森林战略的制定,以及当前对森林活动的规制与监管,都起着举足轻重的主导作用。减少全球毁林和森林退化应是全球森林治理的当务之急,这已达成全球共识。环境正义运动呼吁公平利用资源、程序公正和安全健康的环境,我们应将环境正义融入到全球森林治理中,作为全球森林规制和管理的基本原则。第二章为全球森林治理的机制。目前已有的全球森林治理的基本机制在解决国际森林问题、推动建立全球森林治理体系、实现所有类型森林的保护和可持续经营等方面发挥着重要作用。本文选取了森林市场机制、森林认证机制和国际气候变化制度下的森林机制等三个机制进行研究。森林市场机制要扩大适用,首先要有对森林生态系统服务的需求,并创建市场。其次要解决土地使用权、可持续、泄漏和重复计算等问题。还应该明确森林市场机制的环境目标,澄清该机制保护的森林价值,设计简单明了的程序,从而提供激励措施,促进可持续森林管理的实施。森林的善治需要透明度、问责制和利益相关方的参与等。森林认证机制在国际森林政策中是一种很有前途的机制,森林认证机制承认并促进所有的森林价值,森林认证有能力改变森林产品的使用、管理及消费模式。必须增强对森林认证的激励,使木材生产商国家看到参与森林认证计划的价值,使消费者在提高环保意识的基础上,做出有利于森林可持续发展的绿色购买行为。森林认证机制必须克服多种障碍,增加对认证木材的需求,提供激励,确保森林认证机构在国际森林政策中的地位与发展。国际气候变化制度下的森林机制LULUCF、CDM、REDD等引人注目,与联合国森林论坛相比,其能提供更强大的政治支持,有法律拘束力,也能提供融资来实施森林项目。要进行国际气候变化制度与森林使用和管理相关的改革,如引入具有约束力的义务,要求成员增加森林覆盖率等,这有助于改变世界森林状况。第三章为全球森林治理的机构。本文选取了全球森林治理中两个最重要的机构联合国森林论坛和世界银行来进行研究。联合国森林论坛组织成员进行森林谈判,制定了全球森林治理中最全面、最重要的《国际森林文书》,其是未来国际森林法的基础。论坛亟需进行重大改革,吸引运营资金,成为国际和政府间森林项目的协调员,重新赢得成员和利益相关方的尊重。世界银行的森林政策一是减少贫困,改善森林居民生活条件,二是扩大森林认证计划的实施,促进可持续森林管理原则的广泛运用。世界银行与其他一些国际组织及机构已形成战略合作伙伴关系,开始了旨在整合全球森林治理安排的国际进程。世界银行在森林治理领域是领先的。第四章为全球森林治理的理念。当前的全球森林治理,适用的国际标准、规则或国际森林规制目标纷纷出台,出现了重复、重叠、零散、碎片化、甚至混乱等情况,国际森林的私人规制日益占据主导地位。联合国粮农组织归纳了渗透在所有国际森林政策的共同理念,提出了可持续森林管理和多元森林管理的概念,建议纳入国际森林政策中,以此开辟全球森林治理的新路径。这两个理念已经获得了相当的认可,并在一定程度上为国际社会所遵循。可持续森林管理承认且试图平衡森林的生态环境、社会文化、贸易和发展等不同的、有内在冲突的价值,以确保森林的所有价值得以实现,森林经济与服务能够平衡、可持续、永续发展。实施可持续森林管理的困难,在于要求不统一,没有执行机制,人们感到这个理念有些抽象。然而,尽管这个概念不够清晰,也不够确切,与“可持续发展”这样的国际话语有差距,但它至少达成了一定的共识,全球森林管理的总体目标应该是实现可持续的森林管理。多元森林管理为一个以上的目的管理土地或森林,如生产的木材或木材衍生产品,饲养和保护国内野生动物,景观维护,保护家畜,适当的环境条件,娱乐及保护水源等。这意味着森林用途的多样化,并替代以往单一关注木材生产的热带森林管理方式。多元森林管理受到很多限制,产品市场有限,非木制林产品因为规模不够阻碍了其商业化。由于市场不好,通常主要是通过中间人,以非常低的价格非法出售,而不是进入正规市场。这不仅大大减少了林业从业者的利润,也降低了多元森林管理的竞争力。第五章为全球森林治理的前景。近年来全球森林治理中出现了新现象、新问题、新趋势,主要有非法木材贸易形势严峻,急需国际社会采取措施遏制,否则危害极大;国际气候变化制度对国际森林政策的影响越来越大;非国家治理在全球森林治理中越来越重要。全球森林治理体系面临挑战,亟需构建,如建立全球森林治理机构、制定可持续森林管理的国际标准、将环境正义原则纳入全球森林治理中。展望全球森林治理的形势与前景,应该明确全球森林治理的目标与挑战,重启全球森林谈判,补充和完善现有的国际森林文件,推行全球森林治理的善治,采取切实可行的全球森林治理改革举措。
[Abstract]:As the international environmental problems and development problems are warming up alternately, forest has become an intersection and an important solution to climate change, conservation of biodiversity, water conservation, poverty alleviation, and other environmental and development issues. However, because of the complexity of international forest problems, the international forest negotiations have been sluggish and have no fruit for a long time, and there has been no law. In this case, under the framework of international law, such as the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change, the United Nations Convention to combat desertification, the United Nations Convention on the prevention of desertification, the United Nations Convention on biological diversity and the wetland convention, the international forest issues have become more complex and fragmented under the framework of the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change, the United Nations Convention on biological diversity and the wetland convention. The conflict between the various demands of the forest makes the forest bear great pressure, the difficulty of the coordination of the management department is increasing. The lack of the legal mechanism in the forestry regulation and the complex and duplication of the forest regulation institutions have aggravated the conflict and difficulty, and it is urgent to carry out the reform of the global forest governance adapted to the requirements of the times. With the guidance of global governance theory, modern forestry theory and sustainable development theory, the problems are systematically combed and deeply analyzed in five chapters from several dimensions, such as the mechanisms, institutions, ideas and prospects of global forest governance. The first chapter is the theory of global forest governance. Sustainable management has not yet formed a legally binding global norm. International negotiations on forest issues are political, and competition among countries in forest ecology, economic and social values has become an obstacle to the agreement of international standards for the use and management of forests. The global forest protection issues are governed solely by international law. The existing international legal norms related to forest governance are rarely soft law or quasi legal norms (such as forest certification), which are not legally binding. In the forest problem, both developed and developing countries are faced with the rule of law in both developed and developing countries. It is necessary to promote the full participation of stakeholders in the practice of forest regulation. The international community has introduced global governance theory into global forest protection and global forest governance, opening up a new path to solve global forest governance problems. It plays an important role in the resumption of international forest negotiations, the formulation of global forest strategies, and the current regulation and regulation of forest activities. Leading role. Reducing global deforestation and forest degradation should be the priority of global forest governance, which has reached a global consensus. The environmental justice campaign calls for the fair use of resources, procedural justice and a safe and healthy environment, and we should integrate environmental justice into global forest governance as the basic principle of global forest regulation and management. The two chapter is the mechanism of global forest governance. The existing basic mechanisms of global forest governance have played an important role in solving international forest problems, promoting the establishment of a global forest governance system, and realizing the protection and sustainable management of all types of forests. Three mechanisms, such as the forest mechanism under the change system, should be studied. The forest market mechanism should be expanded to apply, first of all, the demand for the forest ecosystem services and the creation of the market. Secondly, the problems of land use rights, sustainability, leakage and repeated calculation should be solved. The environmental objectives of the forest market mechanism should be clarified to clarify the protection of the mechanism. The value of forest and the design of simple and clear procedures provide incentives to promote the implementation of sustainable forest management. The good governance of forests requires transparency, accountability and stakeholder participation. The forest certification mechanism is a promising mechanism in the international forest policy, and the forest certification mechanism recognizes and promotes all forests. Value, forest certification has the ability to change the use, management and consumption patterns of forest products. The incentives for forest certification must be enhanced to enable the wood producers to see the value of their participation in the forest certification scheme, and to make the consumers make green purchases in favor of the sustainable development of the forest based on the awareness of environmental protection. The system must overcome a variety of barriers, increase the demand for certified timber, provide incentives to ensure the status and development of forest certification bodies in international forest policies. The forest mechanism under the international climate change system, LULUCF, CDM, REDD, and so on, can provide more powerful political support and legal constraints compared with the United Nations Forum on forests. The third chapter is the global forest governance mechanism. This article selects the global forest governance. This article selects the global forest governance. This article selects the global forest governance. The two most important institutions, the United Nations Forum on forests and the world bank, have conducted research. The United Nations Forum on forest forums has conducted forest negotiations and developed the most comprehensive and important international forest instrument in global forest governance. It is the basis for future international forest law. The forum is in urgent need of major reforms to attract operating funds and become countries. The coordinator of intergovernmental and intergovernmental forest projects will regain respect for members and stakeholders. The world bank's forest policy is to reduce poverty and improve the living conditions of forest residents. Two is to expand the implementation of the forest certification scheme and promote the wide use of the principles of sustainable forest management. The world bank and some other international organizations and machines A strategic partnership has been formed to start an international process to integrate global forest governance arrangements. The world bank is leading in the field of forest governance. The fourth chapter is the concept of global forest governance. The current global forest governance, applicable international standards, rules, or international forest regulation objectives have been introduced, repeated, and repeated. In the case of overlapping, fragmentary, fragmented, and even confusing, the private regulation of international forests has become increasingly dominant. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization has summed up the common concept of permeating all international forest policies, proposed the concept of sustainable forest management and multi forest management, and proposed the integration of international forest policy in order to open up global forest governance. A new path. These two ideas have been fairly recognized and to a certain extent to be followed by the international community. Sustainable forest management recognizes and tries to balance the ecological environment, social culture, trade and development of the forest, with inherent conflicts of value to ensure that all the values of forests are realized, forest economy and service. It can be balanced, sustainable and sustainable. The difficulty of implementing sustainable forest management lies in the lack of unity and no implementation mechanism. People feel the idea is somewhat abstract. However, although the concept is not clear enough and is not precise enough, it has a gap with the international discourse such as "sustainable development", but it has reached a certain consensus at least. The overall goal of global forest management should be to achieve sustainable forest management. The management of land or forests for more than one purpose, such as production of wood or wood derived products, breeding and protection of domestic wildlife, landscape maintenance, protection of livestock, appropriate environmental conditions, entertainment and protection of water sources. The diversification of forest use is a substitute for the past single tropical forest management that focuses on wood production. Multiple forest management is limited, product market is limited and non wooden forest products are not commercialized because of the lack of scale. In the formal market, this not only greatly reduces the profits of forestry practitioners, but also reduces the competitiveness of multi forest management. The fifth chapter is the prospect of global forest management. In recent years, new phenomena, new problems and new trends have emerged in the global forest management, which mainly have the stern form of illegal timber trade, and the urgent need for the international community to take measures to contain it. The impact of the international climate change system on international forest policy is becoming more and more important; non national governance is becoming more and more important in global forest governance. The global forest governance system faces challenges and needs to be constructed, such as the establishment of global forest governance institutions, the formulation of international standards for sustainable forest management, and the integration of environmental justice principles into the world. In forest governance. Looking forward to the situation and prospects of global forest governance, we should clarify the objectives and challenges of global forest governance, restart global forest negotiations, supplement and improve existing international forest documents, carry out good governance in global forest governance, and adopt a practical and feasible global forest governance reform initiative.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D996.9

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