3S技术在汶川县映秀镇—银杏乡地质灾害敏感地区地质灾害监测与分析中的应用

发布时间：2018-05-08 00:08

本文选题：3S技术 + 地质灾害　；参考：《成都理工大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：地震诱发震区大范围山体崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等次生地质灾害,造成房屋倒塌、基础设施严重损毁,人民生命和财产遭到了巨大损失。地震次生地质灾害是指由地震活动引起的地质灾害,地震次生地质灾害增强了地震灾害的破坏效应,加剧了地震的损失程度,因此是地震灾害研究的重要组成部分。2008年汶川大地震造成大面积的地貌改变,诱发了大量的次生地质灾害,主要有崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等,在这些进入活跃期的震后次生地质灾害中,崩塌、滑坡的活跃期将持续5~10年,泥石流的活跃期将持续10~20年。因此,开展汶川震区崩塌、滑坡地质灾害的监测,掌握地质灾害发育演变特征,并及时进行科学的预测预报,对地质灾害的防治和当地人民的生命安全和经济发展尤为重要。以遥感为主的3S(RS,GIS,GPS)技术在地质灾害监测及分析上具有范围广、时效性强、精度高等优势,因此3S技术在崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等次生地质灾害监测领域中的应用日趋广泛,成为一种有效的监测手段。本文选择震后地质灾害敏感地区映秀镇—银杏乡为研究区,利用3S技术对研究区的滑坡、崩塌地质灾害进行遥感监测与分析。采用多源多时相的遥感影像数据(包括空间分辨率为0.5米的航空影像、2米分辨率的国产高分卫星影像及15米分辨率的OLI图像)和1:5万地形图为数据源,利用数字摄影测量技术和GIS技术建立研究区的不同尺度的虚拟三维场景。根据遥感图像解译标志及研究区地形地貌、地质环境条件和周围地物,对研究区域的崩塌、滑坡进行遥感解译和信息提取。通过基于L波段的高分辨率PALSAR雷达数据的有效处理获取研究区地震前后地表形变信息,辅助判别地质灾害信息。最后结合地质灾害发育机理,选取成灾因子,通过对成灾因子与成灾数量和成灾面积的统计分析,选用信息量法、层次分析法和加权信息量法评价研究区崩塌、滑坡的易发性。本次研究所包含的内容及取得的主要研究成果有以下几个方面:(1)在利用多源遥感影像进行信息提取时首先对图像进行了预处理,预处理的结果影响着后期遥感影像地理位置的精度及信息提取的准确度。建立了研究区三维可视化模型,该模型能够真实、客观、多角度地分析地表景观,提高了研究区地质灾害的遥感解译精度和效率。(2)基于L波段的高分辨率PALSAR雷达数据,经过图像配准、干涉图生成、去平地效应、干涉图滤波、相位解缠等处理,将SAR图像生成的干涉纹图(两幅影像获取前后地表发生形变)与汶川地区用DEM模拟的地表信息进行差分,得到研究区地表形变信息。(3)本文利用高精度航空遥感影像及其三维可视化动态分析,和基于PALSAR数据提取的地表形变信息,结合野外考察资料,对崩塌、滑坡在影像上的表现特征进行综合分析,建立崩塌、滑坡的解译标志,完成崩滑地质灾害信息提取。提取出研究区内2008年震后崩滑地质灾害60处,受灾面积7.56495km2,提取出2013年研究区内崩滑地质灾害点34处,受灾面积1.06352km2。对比分析了研究区内2008年和2013年崩滑地质灾害的变化情况及其空间分布特征。(4)在分析崩塌、滑坡体形成条件和形成规律的基础上,结合前人研究成果,选取地形坡度、地形坡向、地面高程、地层岩性、水系分布、植被覆盖等6个因子对研究区崩塌、滑坡发育特征进行分析,通过信息量法、层次分析法及加权信息量法得到研究区崩滑体的易发性评价。
[Abstract]:The earthquake induced a large range of landslides, landslides, debris flow and other secondary geological disasters, resulting in the collapse of the buildings, the serious damage to the infrastructure and the huge loss of the people's lives and property. The secondary geological disasters are the geological disasters caused by the earthquake activity, and the secondary geological disasters have enhanced the damage effect of the earthquake disaster and intensified the earthquake disaster. The damage degree of the earthquake, therefore, is an important part of the earthquake disaster research in the Wenchuan large earthquake caused by the large area of the geomorphic changes, induced a large number of secondary geological disasters, mainly landslides, landslides, debris flow and so on, in these active period after the earthquake secondary earth disaster, the active period of collapse and landslide will continue for 5~10 years, The active period of debris flow will continue for 10~20 years. Therefore, it is very important to carry out the monitoring of the landslides and landslide geological disasters in the Wenchuan earthquake area, to grasp the characteristics of the development and evolution of geological disasters and to carry out scientific prediction and forecast in time. It is particularly important for the prevention and control of geological disasters and the life safety and economic development of the local people. The technology of remote sensing based 3S (RS, GIS, GPS) is in the ground. The monitoring and analysis of qualitative disasters has the advantages of wide range, strong timeliness and high precision. Therefore, 3S technology has been widely used in the field of secondary geological disaster monitoring, such as collapse, landslide and debris flow, and becomes an effective monitoring means. This paper selects Yingxiu Town, ginkgo Township, a sensitive area after the earthquake, and uses 3S technology. Remote sensing monitoring and analysis of landslides and landslides in the study area, using remote sensing image data of multi source and multi time phase (including aerial images with spatial resolution of 0.5 meters, domestic high satellite image of 2 meter resolution and OLI image of 15 meter resolution) and 1:5 million topographic map as data sources, using digital photogrammetry and GIS techniques The virtual three-dimensional scene of different scales in the study area is established. According to the interpretation of the remote sensing images and the topography, geomorphology, geological environment and surrounding objects, remote sensing interpretation and information extraction of the landslides and landslides in the study area are carried out. The seismic data of the high resolution PALSAR radar based on L band are used to obtain the earthquake area. Before and after the deformation information of the ground surface, the geological disaster information is discriminate. Finally, according to the geological disaster development mechanism, the disaster factors are selected. Through the statistical analysis of the disaster factors and the number of disaster and the disaster area, the information quantity method is selected, the analytic hierarchy process and the weighted information method are used to evaluate the collapse of the study area and the vulnerability of the landslide. The main achievements of the research are as follows: (1) the image preprocessing is first processed in the use of multi source remote sensing images. The result of preprocessing affects the accuracy of the location of the remote sensing image and the accuracy of information extraction. Objective and multi angle analysis of the surface landscape to improve the accuracy and efficiency of remote sensing interpretation of geological hazards in the study area. (2) based on the L band high resolution PALSAR radar data, through image registration, interferogram generation, to the ground effect, interferogram filtering, phase unwrapping, and so on, the interference pattern generated by the SAR image (two images are obtained before and after. " The surface deformation of the Wenchuan area is different from the surface information simulated by DEM. (3) this paper uses the high precision aerial remote sensing image and its three-dimensional visualization dynamic analysis, and the ground deformation information based on the PALSAR data, and combined with the field investigation data, the performance characteristics of the landslides and landslides on the image A comprehensive analysis is made to establish the interpretation sign of collapse and landslide and to complete the geological disaster information extraction of landslide and slide. 60 geological disasters in 2008 after the earthquake in the study area are extracted and the affected area 7.56495km2 is extracted. 34 of the landslides in the study area in 2013 are extracted, and the disaster area in 2008 and 2013 in the study area is compared and analyzed. (4) on the basis of the analysis of the collapse, the formation conditions and the formation rules of the landslide body, combined with the previous research results, we select the terrain slope, the terrain slope, the ground elevation, the lithology, the distribution of the water system, the vegetation cover and so on, and analyze the landslides and the characteristics of the landslide development. The information entropy method, analytic hierarchy process and weighted information method are used to evaluate the susceptibility of landslide in the study area.

【学位授予单位】：成都理工大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：P694

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