上海郊野公园无尾两栖类生境利用特征研究

发布时间：2018-05-10 15:55

本文选题：郊野公园 + 用地类型　；参考：《华东师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：上海市是一个高度城市化的城市,导致无尾两栖类生境破碎化甚至丧失,而郊野公园作为上海市的重点建设对象,将会成为无尾两栖类的重要栖息地。研究无尾两栖类对郊野公园湿地生境的利用特征对于郊野公园湿地的建设以及提升其作为无尾两栖类栖息地的生态服务功能有理论与应用价值。本研究于2015和2016年的5月-9月,采用样线法对上海市六个郊野公园的无尾两栖类的种群数量进行调查;并设置6 m × 3 m的矩形样方采集其微生境数据,分别记录坡岸类型、坡岸角度、0.5 m处水深、对岸距离、水体盐碱度、水体pH、水体溶解氧、水体温度、挺水植被盖度、浮叶植被盖度、漂浮植被盖度、沉水植被盖度、乔木盖度、灌木盖度、草本盖度15种微生境因子数据。统计无尾两栖类的种类与数量,计算各种无尾两栖类的优势度指数以及Shannon-Wiener多样性指数,均匀度指数,利用ARCGIS对郊野公园的生境进行解译,从而了解两栖类在景观尺度上如何利用郊野公园的生境;对郊野公园湿地生境进行细分,探究两栖类对于湿地微生境的利用特征;利用spSS17.0对15个微生境因子做主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA),最终确定6个主成分,使用CANOCO 5.0将这6个主成分数据与无尾两栖类数量进行冗余分析(Redundancy Analysis,RDA),从而了解各无尾两栖类对于微生境因子的利用特征;采用R3.03软件对于无尾两栖类进行卡方适合度检验,从而了解两栖动物之间的竞争关系。两栖类调查共记录到无尾两栖类4科4属5种2213只,包括中华大蟾蜍(Bufo gargarizans)、黑斑侧褶蛙(Pelophylax nnigromaculata)、金线侧褶蛙(P.planncyi)、泽陆蛙(Fejervarya multistriata)、饰纹姬蛙(Microhyla ornata)。(1)各郊野公园无尾两栖类多样性指数从大到小排序为浦江、松南、青西、廊下、长兴、嘉北郊野公园;而各无尾两栖类优势度指数最大的为泽陆蛙0.48,初步判定泽陆蛙为上海市郊野公园中无尾两栖类的优势物种;从景观尺度上来看,适宜两栖类生存的生境排序为湿地农田绿林地建筑;对湿地生境进行细分,多样性指数从大到小排序为沟渠河流池塘内陆杂类草沼泽湖泊。(2)微生境PCA结果显示前6个主成分累计贡献率达到60.92%,PCl中漂浮植被盖和挺水植被盖度为显著变量,PC2中坡岸角度和坡岸类型为显著变量,PC3中水体盐度为显著变量,PC4中乔木盖度和草本盖度为显著变量,PC5中沉水植被盖度和对岸距离为显著变量,PC6中0.5 m处水深为显著变量。(3)之后的RDA分析得到结论:黑斑侧褶蛙适宜较高盖度的水生植被、较大面积的陆生植被生境的微生境;金线侧褶蛙适宜较高盖度的水生植被与较大面积的陆生植被的微生境;饰纹姬蛙适宜水面开阔度小的水域以及具有较高盐碱度的水质的微生境;泽陆蛙适宜水浅、水体盐碱度较小的微生境;中华蟾蜍适宜微生境为水深、漂浮植被盖度较大以及挺水植被盖度较大的微生境。(4)卡方适合度检验结果:除了黑斑侧褶蛙与泽陆蛙、饰纹姬蛙与泽陆蛙之间则不存在显著差异以外,其他物种间两两比较均呈现显著的差异。结合五种无尾两栖类对于湿地微生境因子的利用特征,我们可以将其大致分为3类:第一类为黑斑侧褶蛙和金线侧褶蛙,它们受水域的限制较大;第二类为泽陆蛙和饰纹姬蛙,它们对于水体理化环境有一定要求;第三类为中华蟾蜍。(1)第一类两栖类:它们的适宜微生境因子主要是水生植被以及水陆交界处岸边植被。由于这两种两栖类利用的微生境因子类似,所以他们之间存在着相互竞争的关系;(2)第二类两栖类:他们的适宜微生境因子主要是水体理化环境。而泽陆蛙与饰纹姬蛙由于适宜的微生境因子条件正好相反,所以它们之间不存在竞争关系。(3)第三类两栖类相对而言对于对水面积、水体理化特性等因子没有显著关系,所以具有很强的适应性,广泛分布于各区域。总体来说,水体周围较高的植被覆盖率与水体中两栖类的丰富度呈现正相关关系,水体理化环境对于两栖类存在影响。根据以上研究结果,我们为上海市郊野公园后续建设提出了保护建议。
[Abstract]:Shanghai is a highly urbanized city, which leads to the fragmentation and even loss of the habitat of the tailless amphibians. As the key construction object of Shanghai, country parks will become an important habitat for the tailless amphibians. The study of the characteristics of the utilization of the tailless amphibians to the wetland habitats of the country park and the construction and promotion of the country park wetlands The ecological service function of the habitat of the tailless amphibians has theoretical and application values. In this study, in the -9 month of May, 2015 and 2016, the sample line method was used to investigate the population of the tailless amphibians in six country parks in Shanghai, and a rectangular sample of 6 m x 3 m was set up to collect their microhabitat data, and the slope bank type and the slope bank were recorded respectively. Angle, 0.5 m water depth, opposite shore distance, water salinity, water body pH, water dissolved oxygen, water body temperature, vegetation coverage, floating vegetation coverage, floating vegetation coverage, submerged vegetation coverage, tree coverage, shrub coverage, herbaceous coverage of 15 microhabitat factors. Statistics of species and quantities of tailless amphibians, and the calculation of various tailless amphibians The dominance index, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index and the evenness index, use ARCGIS to interpret the habitat of country parks, so as to understand how amphibians use the habitat of country parks on the landscape scale, subdivide the wetland habitats of country parks, explore the characteristics of amphibians' utilization of wetland microhabitat, and use spSS17.0. 15 microhabitat factors (principal component analysis, PCA) were used to determine 6 principal components, and CANOCO 5 was used to analyze the 6 principal component data and the number of tailless amphibians (Redundancy Analysis, RDA), so as to understand the use characteristics of each tailless two habitat for microhabitat factors; and the R3.03 software was used. There are 5 species of amphibians, 5 species, 4 genera and 5 species of amphibians, including 5 species of Bufo gargarizans, Pelophylax nnigromaculata, P.planncyi, and Fejervarya multistriata (Fejervarya multistriata). (Microhyla ornata). (1) the species diversity index of the tailless amphibians in every country park from large to small is Pujiang, Songnan, Qingxi, porch, Changxin, Jiayin country park, and the largest of each tailless amphibian is 0.48 of the Rana Rana, which is the dominant species of the tailless amphibian in Shanghai country park; On the landscape scale, the habitats suitable for amphibians are the green forest buildings in Wetland Farmland, and the wetland habitats are subdivided, and the diversity index is from large to small. (2) the result of microhabitat PCA shows that the contribution rate of the first 6 principal components is 60.92%, the floating vegetation cover and the erect in the PCl The coverage of water vegetation is a significant variable, the angle of slope and the type of slope bank in PC2 are significant variables, the salinity of water body in PC3 is significant variable, the canopy and herbaceous coverage in PC4 are significant variables, the coverage and the distance of the submerged vegetation in PC5 are significant variables, and the water depth at 0.5 m in PC6 is a significant variable. (3) the RDA analysis is concluded after the black spot side. Pleat frog is suitable for high coverage aquatic vegetation, large area of terrestrial vegetation in microhabitat, high coverage aquatic vegetation and microhabitat of large area of terrestrial vegetation, the frog is suitable for small waters with small open breadth and high salinity water, and the frog is suitable for shallow water and water body. The small habitats of small salinity; the Chinese Bufo bufo gargarizans are suitable for the depth of water, the larger coverage of the floating vegetation and the larger vegetation coverage. (4) the results of the chi square suitability test: in addition to the black spotted frog and the Rana Rana, there is no significant difference between the frog and the Rana Rana, and the 22 of the other species are all displayed. In combination with the characteristics of the utilization of five species of amphibians for wetland microhabitat factors, we can roughly divide it into 3 categories: the first category is the black spotted frog and the golden line frog, which are restricted by the water waters; the second are the Rana Rana and the frogs, which have some requirements for the physical and chemical environment of the water body; the third type is the Chinese toad. (1) class I amphibians: their suitable microhabitat factors are mainly aquatic vegetation and shore edge vegetation at the water and land junction. Because of the similar microhabitat factors used by the two amphibians, there are competing relationships among them; (2) the second amphibians: their suitable microhabitat factors are mainly the physical and chemical environment of the water body. There is no competitive relationship between the frog and the frogs. (3) there is no significant relationship between the third types of amphibians for the water area and the physical and chemical properties of water body, so it has strong adaptability and widely distributed in various regions. Generally speaking, the water body is higher. There is a positive correlation between the vegetation coverage and the richness of amphibians in the water body. The physical and chemical environment of the water body has an impact on amphibians. According to the above results, we put forward the protection proposal for the follow-up construction of Shanghai country park.

【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：Q958.1

【参考文献】