文学行动：德里达解构主义文学观研究

发布时间：2018-02-16 12:04

本文关键词： 德里达异延替补解构文学观解构阅读解构批评　出处：《广西师范大学》2007年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 雅克·德里达(1930-2004),法国当代著名的哲学家、美学家和文学理论家。由德里达所开创的解构主义认为,自柏拉图以来的“形而上学”传统中形成了一个潜在的思维定势:万事万物背后都有一个根本的法则,这个法则就是“在场逻各斯中心论”,与其背离就意味着走向谬误。在西方漫长的文化传统中,这种思维范式可谓根深蒂固,包括“语音中心论”、“在场本体论”、“男权中心论”、“理性中心论”等都可以视为“逻各斯中心论”的变种。解构主义就是要对这种霸道的秩序进行颠覆。德里达认为所谓的在场都是一种人为的虚构,是一种幻象,因为总是会有某种东西越出这个中心实体,永远都存在着补充、边缘、缺席、异延。在哲学文本之外不存在空白的、未被触及的、空虚的边缘,而存在着另一个文本,它和前一个文本间不存在森严的等级关系,而是平等的、相互交织的网状关系,这种关系是对等级的颠覆。德里达的解构主义理论动摇了整个传统人文科学的基础,也是整个后现代思潮最重要的理论源泉之一。德里达的解构主义文学观就是在其解构主义理论的指导下,对传统形而上学本质观的系统反思。德里达认为世界上不存在任何客观本质的意义,语言和文本也不是恒定不变的,真理只不过是人对外在世界的阐释,文本离不开各种文化和社会的符号,文本的意义难以限定,而言说主体传达的意义在不同的语境下会被不断的阐释,产生不同的意义,阐释没有尽头,意义的变化也就没有终点。德里达的解构主义文学观向传统的批评观和价值观发出挑战,他认为批评不能追寻作品的本来意义,批评也是一种创造,是一种关于文学的再创造活动。批评的权威对于解构并不是最后的权威,解构也是对批评的一种解构。但这并不意味着所有的批评都被贬低了价值,而是意味着人们试图在历史中思考批评事例的权威的含义。德里达的解构主义理论强调文学艺术作品要表现活生生的感性,注重阅读过程中的审美体验,反对结构主义单一的结构形式研究,以及其纯粹的逻辑方法。德里达认为,任何作品都具有和其他作品不同的差异性,文学作品并没有一个固定的中心或结构,没有决定作品终极意义的绝对真理。世界在变化,文学也在变化,我们都是从某个假设开始去关照这个世界,我们自以为把握到了文学的本质,而实际上只是一种幻象。文学的意义在文本的召唤结构和阅读行为的双向交流中产生,它不仅是一种虚构的建制,还是一种行动,体现为一种文学性,文学的意义永远处于“异延”之中,没有终点。德里达提出了自己的文本观,“文本之外别无他物”,文本既不关涉现实,也不关涉作者的意向,但文本可以指涉其他文本,形成文本织体,编织出文本的锦帛。在对经典文本的阅读中,德里达采取的是双重的阅读策略,不仅要关注于文本中作者所传达出的东西,而且还强调在阅读活动中,读者要充分发挥能动性去充分揭示出文本中的语言模式所展露出的与作者申述的东西相异的东西。在德里达的解构主义文学观中,批评具有自身的对立性,不再是“仆人的仆人”,批评不仅是对文本的批评,而且还是对批评的批评。德里达的解构主义理论倡导一种开放性的思维模式,注重阅读过程中个体的审美体验,尽管它对形而上学思想的批判带有理论上的乌托邦色彩,但这种极端的批评策略也未尝不是一种大胆的具有突破性的开创性思维。解构主义真正是后现代性思维的基础,是不死的源泉,是构建后现代思想基础的纯朴起点,它依然包含着这个时代思想深化的重要资源。德里达的解构主义思想从一定程度上改变了一些批评家的批评观念,他们以之为基点从各个角度去审视和阅读文学文本,创建了形式各样的批评方法,从而开创了后现代批评理论的狂欢化景观。有人曾斥责德里达的解构是“虚无”、“摧毁”、“否定一切”,这是对德里达的严重误解。其实,德里达的解构首先是一种“肯定”,肯定的是非本原的“本原”的本源。他并不是要取消本质和否定经典,而是要赋予一种对这些文本思考的可能性。在德里达生命的最后时光,他对民主、政治、法律、伦理、习俗等相关问题的思考,充分体现了一个知识分子的良知。德里达是值得我们尊敬的思想家。笔者认为,以“文学行动”作为标题,最能体现德里达解构主义文学观的特点,因为德里达的解构主义文学观就是传统形而上学本质观的批判反思行动。
[Abstract]:Jacques Derrida (1930-2004), a contemporary French philosopher, esthetician and theoretician. Deconstruction pioneered by Derrida is that, since Platon's metaphysics tradition formed a potential mindset: behind all the things there is a fundamental law, this law is called the "present logos theory" it means to deviate from falsehood. In the long tradition of Western culture, this is the thinking paradigm ingrained, including "speech center theory", "the present ontology", "male centered theory", "rational center theory" can be regarded as the "logos" theory of deconstruction is to this variant. Overbearing order subversion. Derrida believes that the so-called presence is a kind of artificial fiction, is an illusion, because there will always be something beyond the center. The body, there is always added edge. In the absence of differance philosophy does not exist outside the text blank, untouched, empty edge, and the existence of another text, and a text before it does not exist in the hierarchical relationship, but equal, intertwined relationship network and this relationship is a subversion of the level. Derrida's deconstruction theory has shaken the foundation of the traditional humanities, but also the most important theoretical source of modern thought.
Derrida's deconstructive literary view is in its deconstruction theory under the guidance of systematic reflection on traditional metaphysics essence. Derrida believed that any objective nature of the meaning of the world does not exist, the language and text is not a constant, the truth is just on the external world of text interpretation, cannot do without all kinds of cultural and social the symbol, the meaning of the text is difficult to define, for the body to convey meaning will be continuous interpretation in different contexts, have different meaning, interpretation has no end, there is no significant change of end point. Derrida's Deconstruction to the traditional view of literature criticism and values challenge, he thought the meaning of criticism can after work, criticism is also a kind of creation, is a kind of literary criticism re creation activities. The authority is not the final authority for deconstruction, deconstruction and On a criticism of the deconstruction. But this does not mean that all the criticism has been downgraded, but means that people try to think the meaning of criticism case authority in history. Derrida's deconstruction theory emphasizes the literary and artistic works to display the living sensibility, pay attention to reading in the process of aesthetic experience, against structuralism structure on the single, and the pure logical method. Derrida believes that any work has differences and other works of different literary works, and not a fixed center or structure, no goods decided absolute truth of ultimate meaning. The world is changing, literature is changing, we are from a assume to take care of this world, we think to grasp the essence of literature, but in fact is just an illusion. The meaning of literature in call structure and reading lines of text for the double To exchange, it is not only a fictitious establishment or an action, reflect a kind of literature, literary meaning is always in the "difference", no end point. Derrida put forward his own view of text, text, text outside no other "is not concerned with reality, is not concerned the author's intention, but the text can refer to other texts, to form text texture, weave the text brocade. In reading classical texts, Derrida adopted a double reading strategy, not only pay attention to the text the author conveyed by the East West, but also emphasized in reading activities, readers we should give full play to the initiative to fully reveal the text in the language model and show different representations of things the author exposed things. In Derrida's literary viewpoint of deconstruction, criticism has its own opposition, is no longer a servant of servants", Criticism is not only a criticism of the text, but also a criticism of the criticism.
Derrida's deconstruction theory advocates a kind of open mode of thinking, pay attention to the reading process of individual aesthetic experience, despite its critique of Metaphysics Thought with the theory of Utopia, but this extreme criticism strategy is not a bold breakthrough creative thinking. The deconstruction of postmodern thinking is true the foundation, is the source of the undead, is the starting point to build simple postmodern thought foundation, it is still an important resource in this era of deepening. Derrida's deconstruction changed some critics concept from a certain extent, they take as the basis from various perspectives to examine and read a literary text, create criticism methods a variety of forms, thus creating a landscape Carnival postmodern criticism. Some people have denounced Derrida as "nothingness of deconstruction"," Destroy "," denial ", this is a serious misunderstanding of Derrida. In fact, Derrida's deconstruction is a" positive ", certainly is the" origin "of non primitive origin. He did not want to cancel the essence and deny the classic, but to give a text on these thinking possibilities. In the last days of Derrida's life, he on democracy, politics, law, ethics, customs and other related problems, fully embodies an intellectual conscience. Derrida is worthy of our respect for the thinker. The author believes that the" literary action "as the title, best embodies the characteristics of Derrida s literature theory of deconstruction, because Derrida the literary viewpoint of deconstruction reflection on action is the essence of traditional metaphysics critique view.

【学位授予单位】：广西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：I0-02

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