中韩说话中禁忌母题的比较研究

发布时间：2018-06-06 10:23

本文选题：中·韩 + 禁忌母题　；参考：《延边大学》2007年硕士论文

【摘要】： 禁忌母题是维系民间说话结构的不可或缺的功能单位。综观中韩对禁忌母题的研究，有从传播学领域研究其起源的业绩；以变异和分布为中心的结构分析、意义及功能的研究；还有发掘传承集体的意识结构等。但以上研究只局限在个别说话，，即使是涉及一系列说话的研究也是限定在中国和韩国的某一面。可见，中韩禁忌母题的比较文学研究之所需。基于此，笔者首先越过民间说话类型的限制，把可接触到的中韩禁忌说话根据禁忌母题的类型进行了分类。即分成禁淫、禁触、禁视、禁界、禁时、禁言、禁性、忌讳、禁欲等9种。然后对有关图腾、民俗，宗教的禁忌母题，结合社会学、心理学进行了比较解读。有关图腾的禁忌母题是由对图腾的禁触、禁视等母题构成，表现了中韩各自的图腾保护意识。如中国是由龙、狗、狼、鹿等汉族和少数民族的图腾构成违禁对象。韩国则集中表现为熊、老虎、蛇等民族图腾和信仰神。虽然以上两个民族都是通过违禁者伤害图腾动物并受到惩罚的逆说性创作方法表现了图腾保护意识，但在中韩禁忌说话中共同存在的图腾动物之立场和角色不同。如鹿在中国禁忌母题中是受害者，在韩国则是设禁者。虽然韩国出于山神信仰和生产价值对鹿有敬仰之情，但比起中国以逆说性手法反衬出的重视度稍有逊色。另举一例，龙在中国禁忌母题中是被动受害的角色，而在韩国是主动违禁的角色。韩国只是借用龙女形象及龙宫这一环境表现对女性的性禁忌；中国则通过本民族龙图腾的刻画强调本土王侯将相之尊贵。其他出现不同图腾的禁忌母题可看作在多民族和单一民族这一大前提下各自生活环境的派生物。中韩禁忌说话中有关民俗的禁忌母题带有很浓的土著性。这一禁忌母题多表现原型象征和集体无意识。但具体而言，在中国的禁忌母题中多出现与生产活动和生活环境关联的动植物；韩国则出现熊、老虎、蛇等带有原型性质的雄壮、可怕之物。且中韩两民族都相信灵魂与人的交感并把接近迷信的禁忌移到禁忌母题中，但相对中国怀着对杂鬼(灵魂)的恐怖感刻画违禁对象来表达对神灵的忠诚而言，韩国则把对生存的紧张和重视与违禁对象联系在一起。总体上说，有关民俗的禁忌母题多是两民族日常生活的反照，因而表现得大同小异，这突出表现在性禁忌母题中。再者，在禁忌母题的衍变上，中国多出现在除汉族之外的少数民族中；在韩国则多繁衍在汉城以外的其他地方。笔者把有关宗教的禁忌母题分析分成儒教、佛教、道教与禁忌母题。具体而言：由于儒教代表着中韩两国的主流文化，在禁忌母题中也多倾向于道德价值的实现。即儒教把社会道德的教理融进禁忌母题中。如果说中国的禁忌母题主要体现了儒教的‘仁’、‘孝’、‘理’；韩国的禁忌母题则主要表现为对女性的性禁忌和社会进出禁忌。在有关佛教的禁忌母题中，笔者用佛教‘五戒’进行了阐释。其中杀生、奸淫、偷盗性禁忌母题引人注目。在中国和韩国有关奸淫的禁忌母题占得比例虽多，但就设禁这一环节的省略情况来看，中国的禁忌母题更为生硬。有关杀生的禁忌母题主要指图腾杀生禁忌，因此中韩两民族的地方色彩很浓。在偷盗性禁忌母题中，中国是由物质欲和性欲驱使的禁忌母题各占一半；而韩国多是由纯性欲和感情嫉妒引发的违禁母题。另外，在韩国的佛教禁忌中有中国佛教禁忌空缺的‘妄语’这一条。相当于‘禁言’。而且发现中韩禁言禁忌母题的数量非常悬殊。这揭示了中韩不同的违禁趋势和自我省察。换言之，在有关佛教的禁忌母题中，除了奸淫性禁忌母题，其他‘四戒’表现了中韩禁忌意识及生活习惯的差异。道教作为中国的大型民俗宗教，其在禁忌母题中的表现多样。韩国把中国道教的宗教意义和固有的巫俗实用意义结合了起来，因此在道教戒律的规定上与中国不同。如‘妄语’在韩国属于佛教禁忌，在中国则属于道教禁忌。所以在禁忌母题中，设禁者也以不同教派的神出现。在道教禁忌母题中引人注目的就是有关道教徒的生活及修炼过程的禁忌表现。相对中国道教禁忌母题较正规且多样，韩国的禁忌母题多与生老病死、消除灾害等日常生活紧密相连。总之，中国的禁忌母题在表现反面人物的违禁及受惩这一环节中较严酷、生硬；而韩国的禁忌母题在刻画突然转变的反面人物违禁、受惩罚等环节中运用了讽刺加风趣的手法。这表现了中国百姓正反对比的思维习惯及道德规则；韩国百姓的乐观处世之态和灵活运用的思维。禁忌母题是研究人类学的文化元素，笔者通过对中韩禁忌母题的宏观比较初步揭示了他们的习惯、行动样式、意识等。相信今后对以上个别禁忌母题的详细性比较会继续进行并获硕果。
[Abstract]:The taboo motif is an indispensable functional unit to maintain the structure of the folk speech. In a comprehensive view of the study of the taboo motif in China and South Korea, there is a study of its origin from the field of communication; the study of structural analysis, significance and function centered on the variation and distribution; and the discovery of the consciousness structure of the inheritance group. Not to speak, even a series of studies involving a series of speech are limited to a certain aspect of China and Korea. It is clear that the comparative literature of the taboo subjects of China and South Korea needs to be studied. Based on this, the author first crosses the restrictions of the type of folk speech, and classifies the taboo words that can be touched on the basis of the type of taboo motif. There are 9 kinds of prohibition, prohibition, prohibition, prohibition, prohibition, taboo, abstinence and so on. Then, a comparative interpretation of totem, folklore, and religious taboo motif is carried out in combination with sociology and psychology.
The taboo motif of totem is composed of the motif prohibiting totem of totem and prohibition, showing the totem protection consciousness of China and South Korea. For example, China is prohibited by the totem of the Han and minority nationalities such as dragon, dog, wolf and deer. South Korea is concentrated on the totem and belief of the ethnic groups of bears, tigers and snakes. Although all of the above two nations are all through The contraband injure totem animals and are punished by the inverse theory of creating a totem protection consciousness, but the position and role of totem animals common in the taboo words in China and Korea are different, such as the deer in the Chinese taboo motif, and the banned in Korea. Although Korea has the faith of Mountain God and the value of production, it has the deer. However, it is a little less important than China's opposition to the opposite sex. In another example, the dragon is a passive victim in the Chinese taboo motif, while in Korea it is a proactive role. South Korea only borrows the Dragon Girl image and the Dragon Palace to show sex taboos to women. The taboo motif of different totems can be regarded as a kind of living environment in their own environment under the precondition of multi-ethnic and single nation.
In the taboo words, the taboo motif of folklore is very aboriginal in China and South Korea. This taboo motif shows many archetypal symbols and collective unconsciousness. But in particular, there are many animals and plants associated with production activities and living environment in the taboo motif of China, and the male, tiger, snakes and other archetypal characters appear in Korea. The two nationalities of China and South Korea believe in the feelings of the soul and the people and move the taboos close to superstition to the taboo motif, but relative to China with the horror of the miscellaneous ghost (soul) depicting the forbidden object to express the loyalty to the gods, Korea is linked to the tension of existence and the object of the contraband. The taboo motif of folklore is mostly the albedo of the daily life of the two ethnic groups, thus showing great similarities and differences, which is manifested in the motif of sex taboo. Furthermore, in the evolution of the taboo motif, China appears mostly among the minority nationalities except the Han nationality; in South Korea, many other places are multiplied in Seoul.
The analysis of the taboo motif of religion is divided into Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism and taboo motif. In particular, as Confucianism represents the mainstream culture of the two countries, it also tends to realize the realization of moral values in the taboo motif. That is, Confucianism integrates social morality into the taboo motif. If the main body of China's taboo motif is said, the main body of the Chinese taboo motif is the main body of the Chinese taboo motif. The "benevolence", 'filial piety' and 'reason' are present in the Confucianism, and the taboo motif of Korea is mainly shown as the sexual taboo of women and the taboo of social import and export. In the taboo motif of Buddhism, the author uses the five precepts of Buddhism to explain. Among them, killing, adultery, and stealing taboos are noticeable. The taboos about adultery in China and South Korea are taboo. The taboo motif of China's taboo motif mainly refers to the taboos of totem, so the local color of the two ethnic groups in China and Korea is very strong. In the theft taboo motif, China is half of the taboo motif driven by physical and sexual desire. And South Korea is the forbidden motif caused by pure sexual desire and emotional jealousy. In addition, in Korean Buddhist taboos, there are "parochities" in the taboo of Chinese Buddhism. It is equivalent to the "ban". And the number of Chinese and Korean forbidden taboo motif is very wide. In the taboo motif of Buddhism, in addition to the female taboo motif of adultery, the other 'four precepts' show the differences between the taboo consciousness and the living habits of China and South Korea. As a large Chinese folk religion, Taoism has various manifestations in the taboo motif. The rule of Taoist precepts is different from that of China. For example, the "false language" belongs to the Buddhist taboo in Korea, and in China it belongs to the Taoist taboo. Therefore, in the taboo motif, the forbidden man also appears with the gods of different denominations. In the taboo motif of Taoism, the taboo of Taoism is the taboo of the Taoist life and practice process. Taboo motif is more formal and diverse. Korean taboo motif is closely related to life, illness, death and disaster elimination.
In a word, the taboo motif of China is more harsh and stiffer in the expression of the contraband and punishments of the opposite characters; and the Korean taboo motif is used in portraying the contraband and punishing of the abrupt transformation of the characters, which shows the thinking habits and moral rules of the Chinese people. The state of the people's optimism and the thinking of flexible use. The taboo motif is the cultural element of the study of anthropology. Through the macro comparison of the taboo themes between China and Korea, the author reveals their habits, action styles, consciousness and so on. I believe that the detailed comparison of the above taboo motif will continue to carry on and get fruitful results in the future.
【学位授予单位】：延边大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：I0-03;I106.7

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