克尔凯郭尔生存诸境界的审美意蕴

发布时间：2018-05-24 01:19

本文选题：生存 + 自我　；参考：《广西师范大学》2002年硕士论文

【摘要】： 索伦·克尔凯郭尔，丹麦的哲学家、神学家，存在主义的先驱，被认为是使欧州的哲学的发展方向发生转折性变化的重要人物之一。他所实现的转折的主要内容就是以孤独的、非理性的个人存在取代客观物质和理性意识，即个人的生存当作全部哲学的出发点。克尔凯郭尔的思想主题是如何成为一个真正的人。他认为人是由无限与有限、永恒与暂时，自由与必然以及灵魂与肉体等两极因素所构成的综合；人是一个孤独的存在个体，他永远处于不断的生成之中。人只有作为生存才有独特性，才具有自主地和独立地作出决定和选择的能力。每个人的现实存在都是自我选择的结果。每个人的人性也都不是被给予的，而必须由自我的选择而获得。人的存在可以有三种不同类型的人生，亦即三种不同的生活境界，即审美、伦理、宗教。对这三个境界的论述，构成了克尔凯郭尔哲学的重要内容之一。克尔凯郭尔生存诸境界的第一境界为审美境界，其特点是人的生活为感觉、冲动和情感所支配，它既不追求确定的信念，又不遵循固定的和普遍的原则和规范。伦理境界的特点是人的生活为理性所支配，遵守具有普遍意义的道德准则和义务。人在宗教境界为信仰所支配，摆脱了世俗的、物质的东西的束缚，也不再崇尚理性，人在此时是作为他自己而存在，他所面对的只是上帝。审美境界是直接性的境界，伦理境界是过渡境界，宗教境界则是最高境界。人只有在宗教境界中才达到真正的存在。因此人生的道路就是走向上帝的道路，克尔凯郭尔认为个人的存在是非理性的存在，是孤独地站立于上帝之前的存在，而这只有在宗教境界才得到充分体现。克尔凯郭尔的全部思想所要达到的目的是“个体在永恒之下的生存。”这种个体生存情态不是理性，而是激情，是心灵向着无限的可能性涌现或开放的生命流，所以，关于这种个体的真理决不能在理性认识中获得，而只能在信仰中确立，因为在理性认识中，人所追求的乃是一种确定性和客观性。克尔凯郭尔对信仰阶段的推崇备致从表面看来“审美境界”在生存论的立场上被宗教彻底拒斥了。实质上，宗教在一个更高级的层次上重构了感性，与审美有相通之处。对克尔凯郭尔而言，美学所指归的不是艺术，而是感性经验生机勃勃的全部领域，，即日常生活现象。从克尔凯郭尔的思想我们可以找到一种美学，一种以“审美”为出发点，通过“审美”的自我强化，在“无限”之处向自身突变的过程。从克尔凯郭尔的理论可以推出，一切存在者的存在都必然与“美”有关，即必须要通过“审美”来实现自己。
[Abstract]:Soren Kierkegaard, a Danish philosopher, theologian, and pioneer of existentialism, is considered one of the most important figures in the evolution of European philosophy. The main content of his turning point is to replace the objective material and rational consciousness with the lonely and irrational personal existence, that is, the survival of the individual as the starting point of all philosophy. Kierkegaard's theme is how to be a real person. He holds that man is a synthesis composed of infinite and finite, eternal and temporary, freedom and necessity, soul and body, and so on. Human beings are unique and have the ability to make decisions and choices independently and independently. Everyone's reality is the result of self-selection. The human nature of each person is not given, but must be acquired by his own choice. Human existence can have three different types of life, that is, aesthetic, ethical, and religious. The discussion of these three realms constitutes one of the important contents of Kierkegaard's philosophy. The first realm of Kierkegaard's existence is aesthetic realm, whose characteristic is that human life is dominated by feeling, impulse and emotion. It neither pursues certain beliefs, nor follows fixed and universal principles and norms. The characteristic of ethical realm is that people's life is controlled by reason and abide by the moral norms and obligations of universal significance. Man is ruled by faith in the realm of religion, free from the bondage of worldly, material things, and he no longer advocates reason. At this time, man exists as himself, and what he is facing is only God. Aesthetic realm is the realm of directness, ethical realm is transition state, and religious realm is the highest state. Only in the realm of religion can man achieve his true existence. Therefore, the way of life is to go to God. Kierkegaard thinks that the existence of the individual is an irrational being, and it is the existence that stands alone before God, which can only be fully reflected in the religious realm. The purpose of Kierkegaard's whole thought is "the survival of the individual under eternity." This modality of individual existence is not reason, but passion. It is the flow of life in which the mind emerges or opens to infinite possibilities. Therefore, the truth about this individual cannot be obtained in rational knowledge, but can only be established in faith. Because in the rational cognition, what the human pursues is a kind of certainty and the objectivity. Kierkegaard's reverence for the belief stage is completely rejected by religion from the standpoint of existentialism. In essence, religion reconstructs sensibility at a higher level and has something in common with aesthetics. To Kierkegaard, aesthetics refers not to art, but to all areas of emotional experience, namely, the phenomenon of daily life. From Kierkegaard's thought, we can find a kind of aesthetics, a process that takes "aesthetics" as the starting point, through "aesthetic" self-strengthening, in "infinite" place to oneself mutation process. From Kierkegaard's theory, the existence of all beings must have something to do with "beauty", that is, we must realize ourselves through "aesthetics".
【学位授予单位】：广西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2002
【分类号】：I01

【引证文献】