大众文化：重建中国文艺学的新思路

发布时间：2018-09-10 11:12

【摘要】： 当前国内文艺学科特别是文艺批评理论研究面临学理和方法上的困境。首先，从学理层面来看，当前文艺研究中仍存在理论“失语”的现象，这一方面表现在当前文艺研究缺乏能够与现实问题进行积极有效对话的理论成果，另一方面，中国的文艺理论也缺乏能够有效参与国际学术交流的理论成果。因此，作为学科整体的文艺学科因为不能突现其应有的现实意义而日益被其他应用型学科“边缘化”。其次，从方法的层面上来看，当前学界所进行的研究工作在一定程度上体现出功利化、经院化和精英化的学术研究倾向，而这对文艺学的进一步发展是非常有害的。可见，如何从方法论上为文艺学研究找到能够切入现实问题的研究范式，使文艺研究相关学科早日摆脱上述困境并获得重建，具有非常重要的现实意义和学术价值。笔者认为，文化研究特别是大众文化研究是革新当前文艺研究认识论和方法论，根治文艺研究宿疾，并解决当前文艺理论和研究方法困境的一个契机。鉴于学界尚未形成与此相关的自觉的学术意识；而部分学者也在表达对文艺研究泛文化“化”的犹豫和顾虑。本文拟从元评论的视角出发，对文艺研究的文化转向做出方法论层面的研究，认识这一转向的必要性与合理性。从而提出和证明，大众文化研究视角是重建中国文艺学理论与实践的新思路；大众文化视角的介入将对相关领域造成冲击和变革。 [二] 笔者认为要证明文艺学文化转向的合理性，必须首先占有和解读大众文化研究既有的主要理论成果，框范出作为文艺研究对象的大众文化的定义，并以此为理论基础分析和探讨现阶段大众文化与文学和文艺研究之间的关系。通过勘查和梳理大众文化研究的既有成果，笔者认为德国法兰克福学派的文化批判、英国文化主义学派的文化分析以及美国新左派理论家詹姆逊的后现代主义文化研究最具有代衰b 法兰克福学派认为大众文化是发达资本主义社会中，被机械复制的、被粗浅消费的、被用来欺骗和控制大众的真正艺术品千篇一律的赝品。大众文化是由统治阶级生产的，用来维护资本增值和扩张机制的文化商品。就其本质而言，大众文化是与真正的艺术相对的异化物，它既是发达资本主义下异化主体的现实生存状态的体现，也是高度发达的资本主义社会用来欺骗和操纵大众的媒介。因此，对“大众文化”的界定应该立足于批判发达资本主义社会文化机制的虚伪性和蒙蔽性，以揭示艺术实践的本真状态。英国文化主义学派认为大众文化主要是由当今的大众媒介（特别是电子传媒）催生的，经由劳动阶级和民主的参与形式生发的，特定社会人们共有的模式化行为和思想的总和。大众文化具有政治性和意识形态性，但又不完全受制于经济决定论或者阶级决定论，它是阶级与阶级之间意识形态斗争的领域。因此，大众文化既是支配的，也是对抗的。大众文化不仅仅只是统治阶级传达自身意识形忐的话语场，更是作为义化的消费者的控制对象。通过文化消费付为，作为又化的消费者可以能动的控制作为消费对象的大众文化，使之符合自身的利益。而詹姆逊认为后现代主义是晚期资本主义的文化逻辑，而大众文化是符合这一逻辑的社会结构。在勘查和梳理相关理论的基础上，笔者对“大众文化”作为研究对象的意指进行了框范：大众文化是一个特定的研究范畴，意指经由作为集体文化参与者的全体民众生发的，与商业化生产密切相关的文化形态，它是作为社会个体集合的公众实际生活状态的符号化表征，也是这一意义上的物质与实践的总和。大众文化以一定的传媒为其介质，以复制性的生产作为手段，出产和传播商品化的文化造物，并通过附加于其上的消费意识形态（诸如时尚等）来娱乐、策动或者引导大众。在这个意义上，大众文化既是一种政治意识形态，也是一种文化消费形态。大众文化以科学技术的手段向它的消费者提供可以让其大规模地共同参与文化与意识形态消费活动的公共土问或公共领域，以一定程度上具有l放的t艾革的意义。在这个意义上，大众文化也是其他社会领域的一个重要的制动因素。从美学特征上来看，，大众文化是世俗的，娱乐的，扁平的和破碎的；从美学本质上来看，大众文化消解主体、意义、中心和权威。当代的大众文化是现代工业和市场经济充分发展后的产物，与资本主义的经济发展发展密切相关，大众文化是随社会形态不断发展，因此也同社会形态一样，具有历史性。 11 笔者在此基础上进而对大众文化与文学及文艺研究之间的关系给予了探讨。笔者认为，大众文化与文学存在着密切的关系＿其一、在价值层而L，狭＿＞文学与大众文化之间的关系是对抗性的，而这种对立也进一步构成了两者之间互补的关系。其二，在艺术形式的层面上，文学与大众文化的关系体现为同质性，文学形式可以成为大众文化形式的一部分，而大众文化可以为文学形式的发展提供弹性的空间。其三，在发展的层面上，传统文学是既有文
[Abstract]:At present, domestic literature and art, especially literary criticism, is facing difficulties in theory and methodology.
Firstly, from the academic point of view, there still exists the phenomenon of "theoretical aphasia" in the current literary and artistic research, which is manifested in the lack of theoretical achievements that can actively and effectively dialogue with practical problems. On the other hand, Chinese literary and artistic theory also lacks the theoretical achievements that can effectively participate in international academic exchanges. Literature and art as a whole is increasingly marginalized by other applied disciplines because it can not highlight its due practical significance.
Secondly, from a methodological point of view, the current academic research shows to a certain extent the tendency of utilitarianism, scholasticism and elitism, which is very harmful to the further development of literature and art.
It can be seen that it is of great practical significance and academic value to find a research paradigm for literary and artistic studies in terms of methodology, which can cut into practical problems, so as to get rid of the predicament and rebuild the related disciplines of literary and artistic studies as soon as possible.
The author holds that the study of culture, especially the study of mass culture, is an opportunity to renovate the current epistemology and methodology of literary and artistic research, eradicate the chronic disease of literary and artistic research, and solve the dilemma of current literary and artistic theories and research methods.
In view of the fact that the academic circles have not yet formed a conscious academic consciousness related to this, and some scholars are expressing their hesitation and concern about the pan-cultural "transformation" of literary and artistic research, this paper intends to make a methodological study of the cultural turn of literary and artistic research from the perspective of meta-criticism, so as to understand the necessity and rationality of this turn. It is proved that the perspective of mass culture is a new way to reconstruct the theory and practice of Chinese literature and literature, and the intervention of the perspective of mass culture will impact and reform the relevant fields.
[two]
The author thinks that to prove the rationality of the cultural turn of literature and art, we must first possess and interpret the main theoretical achievements of popular culture research, frame the definition of popular culture as the object of study of literature and art, and take this as a theoretical basis to analyze and explore the relationship between popular culture and literature and art research at this stage.
By exploring and sorting out the existing achievements in the study of mass culture, the author holds that the cultural criticism of the Frankfurt School in Germany, the cultural analysis of the British Culturalism School and the post-modernist masters of the American New Left Theorist Jameson
The study of the meaning culture is the most popular B.
The Frankfurt school holds that popular culture is mechanically duplicated and shallow in the developed capitalist society.
A fake artifact that is used to deceive and control the masses. Popular culture is unified.
A cultural commodity that governs class production and is used to maintain the mechanism of capital appreciation and expansion.
Culture is the alienation opposite to real art, which is the realistic existence of alienated subject under developed capitalism.
The embodiment of state is also a medium for highly developed capitalist society to deceive and manipulate the masses.
The definition of "mass culture" should be based on criticizing the hypocrisy and obscurity of the cultural mechanism of the developed capitalist society
In order to reveal the true state of art practice.
The British School of culture believes that popular culture is mainly caused by the mass media today, especially the electronic transmission.
The common mode of a particular society born by the working class and democratic participation.
The sum of actions and ideas. Popular culture is political and ideological, but not entirely subject to the Sutras.
Economic decision or class determinism is the field of ideological struggle between class and class.
Mass culture is both dominant and confrontational. Mass culture is not only the ruling class conveying its own ideology.
The discourse field is also the object of controlling consumers.
Consumers can actively control the mass culture as the object of consumption, and make it conform to their own interests.
Jameson believes that postmodernism is the cultural logic of late capitalism, and that popular culture conforms to this.
A logical social structure.
On the basis of exploring and combing the relevant theories, the author takes the meaning of "popular culture" as the object of study.
In the box,
Popular culture is a specific category of study, which means the whole population through collective culture.
A cultural form closely related to commercial production that is a public reality as a collection of social individuals.
The symbolic representation of life is also the sum of material and practice in this sense.
Mass culture, with certain media as its medium, produces and disseminate business by means of duplication of production.
Cultural products, and entertainment through the consumption ideology attached to them, such as fashion.
To move or guide the masses, in this sense, popular culture is both a political ideology and a literary form.
Consumption patterns.
Mass culture provides its consumers with scientific and technological means and allows them to participate together on a large scale.
Cultural and ideological consumption activities of public domain or public domain, to a certain extent, with L released t AI.
In this sense, popular culture is also an important brake factor in other social fields.
From the aesthetic point of view, popular culture is secular, entertaining, flat and broken.
In essence, mass culture dispels the main body, meaning, center and authority. Modern mass culture is modern work.
The product of the full development of industry and market economy is closely related to the economic development of capitalism.
With the continuous development of social forms, it is also historic as the social form.
Eleven
On the basis of this, the author discusses the relationship between popular culture and literature and literary research.
In my opinion, there is a close relationship between popular culture and literature. First, in the value level, L is narrower.
The relationship between literature and popular culture is antagonistic, and this antagonism further constitutes the relationship between the two.
Secondly, in the form of art, the relationship between literature and popular culture is homogeneity.
Literary form can be a part of popular culture, and popular culture can be a reference for the development of literary form.
Third, on the development level, traditional literature is an existing text.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2003
【分类号】：I0

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